Research Study Analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Research Study Analysis - Essay Example The testing method was deliberate. Members were recognized dependent on past research and reflections. The sources were welcome to take an interest in the wake of being educated about the idea of the investigation. The topic of the exploration was perceived as multidimensional. This is the motivation behind why various arrangements of surveys were planned - all concentrating on significant and different parts of the instructing involvement with request to exhaustively portray and address the exploration issue. While there were no eye to eye meetings, perceptions or center gathering conversation, a sum of five survey models were utilized to accumulate and assess encounters. These are the Teacher Stress Inventory (TSI), Negative Mood Regulation (NMR), COPE, Maslach Burnout Inventory Educators Survey, and Brief Symptoms Inventory. They were intended to quantify factors in zones of pressure, burnout, adapting, negative state of mind and misery. While the examination included no open-finished inquiry either, the study questions gave were completely intended to uncover profoundly point by point individual encounters and measure them. For example, respondents were approached to rate their reactions to things, for example, Did you feel desolate? or Did you grope keyed. These inquiries were posed after circumstances were given, which is predictable with the phenomenological method of depicting encounters, as a critical component in information social occasion and translation. The analysts built up their exploration worldview by presenting epistemological and axiological suppositions. This was accomplished when suppositions about pressure, burnout and adapting procedures were given. For instance, educators were explicitly recognized as the subject of the examination since they were expected to have increasingly troublesome work undertakings and, henceforth, would be progressively inclined to pressure and burnout. This was likewise featured with the way that the information was assembled from self-report surveys. What this

Liberalism Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Progressivism - Essay Example Liberalim I the summit of advancement in Wetern ociety that created an ene of the significance of human independence, a freedom of the person from complete ubervience to the gathering, and an unwinding of the tight hold of cutom, law, and authority. The liberation of the individual can be undertood an a novel accomplishment of Wetern culture, perhap it very trademark. (Necati , 1998, pp. 447-477) Liberalim alo get from the act of adverariality in European political and financial life, a proce in which intitutionalized rivalry uch a the opposition between various political partie in discretionary contet, among proecution and defene in legal method, or between various maker in a free-showcase economy-I ued to create a dynamic ocial request. Adverarial ytem have alway been precariou, in any case, and it set aside a long effort for the confidence in adverariality to rise up out of the more conventional view, detectable at leat to Plato, that the tate hould be a natural tructure in which the diverse ocial clae collaborate by performing ditinct yet correlative job. The conviction that opposition I an eential part of a political ytem and tha4 great government require a7vigorme Oppoiion wa 4all c/nideped drange in eop Edropean c/uft2ia in he Epl9 19th7centUry. (Ne#at( , 19, pp,7447-077) Each nati/N' lHike other polhtial octrind, lib%0al)m7i hig(ly enitiva 4k tIMe aNd bhpcumtance Each nati/N' liberalim I unique, and it ahange in every age. The hitorical improvement of liberAlii over late centurie ha been a development from mitrup of the taTe' overegnty on the ground that influence keep an eye on ba miue, to a willingne to ue the influence of government to address inequitie in the ditribution of riches reulting from a free-showcase economy. The expanion of government force and reponibility should by liberal in the twentieth century wa unmistakably oppoed to the constriction of government upheld by liberal a century sooner. In the nineteenth century liberal were commonly hopitable to the buine network, just to become hotile to it interet and aspiration for a great part of the twentieth century. In each cae, in any case, the liberal' inpiration wa the ame: a hotility to grouping of intensity that compromise the opportunity of the individual and keep him from acknowledging howdy potential, alongside a willingne to rethink and change ocial intitution in the light of new need. Thi willingne I temPered by an averioN to udden, cataclymic change, which I ghat et df thE diberal fpnm the7raical.7It I thi ve2y eagern%7to encjurage7ueful ch nge howeve2, that ditingUihe the liberal from 4he conErvativ. (Necati , 0998, pp. 447%477) L BeraL Interna4ional I the w/r(d federat)on/f lIberal political partie. Fo5n$ed in 194 it7ha7becoMe the pre-emInEnt .et/rk fOr 0romotijg liberaliM, trengtheninclib%rah part)E anD for theprmmotion of lhberal de-ocracy arouNd THe7world. Dhere are a .1mber of comMon rule w(ich join al, liberal partie brom frica, the AmerIca, Aia, and Europe; human rifhT, free7and reasonable eldction and muhtiparty-popular government, nciah judice, tolerancd, ocial advertise econgmy, free tr!de, ecological utainability and a trong ene of worldwide olidarity. Normally in the use of thee standard in various national circumtance there I diverity among liberal partie. All part cling to the organiation Manifeto'. (Necati , 1998, pp.

How Leading Companies Use Video Conferencing to Boldly Go Where They Havent Gone Before

How Leading Companies Use Video Conferencing to Boldly Go Where They Haven’t Gone Before With businesses becoming global, newer connectivity tools are increasingly being used to keep teams connected with one another. Video Conferencing has slowly and steadily earned its place amongst new online collaborative technology.According to PC Mag, Video conferencing  has been recognized among the top 5  collaborative  trends for the year 2016.  An Information Week analyst predicated in 2011 that 75% of enterprises will switch to video conferencing by 2013.This shows that video conferencing is a trend here to stay.Enterprises which aren’t utilizing video conferencing or using it to a limited extent are actually missing out on opportunities to connect with customers, vendors and partners on their preferred channel of communication and losing them to their rivals. © Shutterstock.com | Andrey_PopovIn this article, you will learn about 1) the major reasons to use video conferencing for business communication, 2) types of video conferencing, 3) what use cases are benefiting from video conferencing, and 4) things to consider before implementing video conference services in your business.TOP 6 REASONS TO USE VIDEO CONFERENCING FOR BUSINESS COMMUNICATIONGiven below are top six advantages of replacing one’s old business communication method with video conferencing:#1 Reduction in Travel DistancesThis is the prime factor that tips the scale in favor of video conferencing. It reduces the logistics, time, and human energy involved in frequent traveling to remote business locations. Partners, team members, customers can be briefed, negotiated with, taken into confidence easily through this tool. Video conferencing is also a way to lower the company’s carbon footprint.#2 Cost EfficiencyGlobal recession and budget cuts have increased the need for aust erity measures and effective resource allocation. Hence, businesses are able to cut costs like airfare, hotels and per diem expenses  and have greater Return on Investment (ROI) through using videoconferencing. Moreover, according to a survey by On24, a webcasting and virtual event provider, virtual training sessions are favored by 88% of executives as they are cost efficient.#3 ConvenienceOrganizing meetings and setting up of logistics in a physical conference room can be a huge hassle in terms of human energy and resources. In contrast, video conferencing tools allow organizers to set up a virtual conference room with lesser logistical resources and in lesser amount of time. Video conferencing also allows people located in different time zones to connect and collaborate easily. Likewise, telecommuting is convenient for employees and employer both.#4 Improved ProductivityVideo conferencing allows people to connect and collaborate irrespective of their geographic placement and time zone; hence, it improves productivity. According to a Frost Sullivan white paper, the ROI concept goes beyond tangible benefits like saving of money and takes into account the soft benefits like increased productivity, shortening of business processing and cycles and swift decision-making. According to the Polycom survey, 94% of the respondents laud video conferencing for its efficiency and productivity enhancement potential. It allows distributed teams the ability to work together synergistically for a common business goal. Likewise, video conferencing allows businesses to stay connected and continue during unforeseen circumstances like law and order situation, bad weather, flight delays, etc.#5 Easier Cross ConnectivityLast but not the least, with the advent of mobile technology, video conferencing has the unique capability to cross connect and seamlessly integrate different devices, such as desktops, tablets, or Android devices. It also seamlessly integrates different platforms such as Windows and OS X. This leads to a unified communication platform. The ability to connect from anywhere and through anything means that no one will face exclusion or isolation because of the incompatibility of devices, environment, or platform.#6 Giving Technology a Human FaceIn today’s world, success depends upon the ability of the business to build and nurture relationships with their employees, partners, vendors, and customers. Video Conferencing technology gives users the unique advantage to not only see one another but interpret facial expressions, body language and gestures through high-definition, life-sized images.Read on and learn about further reasons to use video conferencing for your business.[slideshare id=26705379doc=8reasonswhyyourbusinessneedsvideoconferencingebook-130930132131-phpapp02w=640h=330]TYPES OF VIDEO CONFERENCINGWith advancement of technology, video conferencing options have grown as well. These options depend upon the users’ individual needs, t he scope of collaboration and budget.Room Video Collaboration SystemIt’s a room video collaboration system that revolves around the needs of multiple users remotely collaborating in a huddled space or a medium sized conference room, boardroom or auditorium. The powerful camera gives a 360 degrees bird’s eye view of the entire conference room, track individual users in the room and zoom in on them. It contains features like viewable and clickable calendar events, content sharing and collaboration, IM, HD video clarity, allow joining in of users through drag and drop function.Executive Desktop Video Collaboration SystemExecutive desktop video collaboration systems are all-in-one video phones with built-in, integrated cameras with microphones and speakers that can also act as PC monitors. These units are placed at office desktops and are low priced. These systems allow easy and high quality content sharing. This collaboration system is suitable for remote team members and locations due to its ability to operate on lower bandwidth.Desktop Video ConferencingEquipped with microphone and web camera, it’s the most basic type of webcam, which is suitable for personal use. It allows two people to connect with each other, at any time, from their desk tops. It runs on a broadband network and is available at a fairly low cost.TelepresenceThe telepresence technology represents the most revolutionized form of visual communications. It creates an immersive, lifelike communication experience for teams working together virtually. A high-resolution illusion of a conference room is created where the participants at the other end of the video conference call appear to be present in the same conference room, sitting across the table.WHICH USE CASES ARE BENEFITING FROM VIDEO CONFERENCING?Video conferencing has made forays into various different industries and departments with technological advancement. Following are a few examples of use cases utilizing video conferencing for better productivity, efficiency, and austerity:Sales and MarketingIn today’s competitive world, sales and marketing teams face the most pressure in terms of attracting and retaining new customers and tapping into newer markets while keeping the cost to the minimum. Video conferencing enables marketers to develop and relay targeted campaigns to a specific market at a fraction of the cost. Likewise, video conferencing enables sales people to make cold calls to existing and potential customers, pursue newer leads at lower costs, and maintain and deepen relationships. One of Frost Sullivan’s whitepaper elaborates how video conferencing technology can be used to ‘cross-sell’ and ‘up-sell’ to potential customers.TelecommutingThe ability to telecommute allows more people to join the workforce and contribute productively to it. Sean Mallon, a Smart Data Collective contributor says that one out of five Americans have worked from home at some point in their careers, with a 13.5 % increase in their productivity. With video conferencing trend on the rise, this number is supposed to increase. Video conferencing lessens the feeling of isolation that remote team members may feel in a globally distributed work network. Video conferencing can be effectively used to provide frequent or on-demand support, timely interventions; thus, it increases retention. It allows enterprises to retain valuable employees and reduce turnover.EducationVideo conferencing enables trainers and learners to connect with global teaching and learning opportunities through virtual classes, which they couldn’t have accessed otherwise. It enables them to upgrade their skills constantly through on-job training via the distance learning mode. On the other hand, video conferencing has allowed educational campuses facing budget cuts to save costs and extend their reach globally through offering virtual classes. For instance, University of North Carolina and Highworth Grammar School are using Mo odle with its video conference features to combat budget cuts and save up to 52% costs. Video conferencing has also enabled research collaborations to take place among faculty members of different universities situated at far ends of the globe.LegalThe legal industry is using video conferencing facility to serve remote depositions, expedite the judicial process, and brief legal teams and partners. Jones Walker is an example of a firm, which has 17 offices across 8 states and 375 lawyers on board. The firm uses teleconferencing to hold group meetings on daily basis and conserve assets and time. AdventBalance, another law firm has been using video conferencing for sharing of information. It allows them to orient their lawyers with processes and systems without requiring them to come to the office.HR RecruitingVideo conferencing tools can also be used by a company’s HR to interview potential candidates and also take into account minute but important details like their body language, facial expression and ability to maintain eye contact. It also allows a firm to bring onboard freelancers, consultants and experts from various locations for remote collaborative ventures. Thus, video conferencing technology enables an enterprise to locate the best human resource and talent for its teams from around the globe. Microsoft is a leading company utilizing teleconferencing for global talent hunting.Team Building MeasuresGlobally distributed businesses have to deal with not only geographical distances but also lingual and cultural barriers. Nina Parker, the managing director of IVCI, feels that video conferencing promotes a sense of ‘community’ amongst geographically dispersed team members. Engaging and interactive meetings are used to connect with cross-functional teams, partners, collaborators and vendors at a short notice through video conferencing, irrespective of the geographic distance. Useful information is shared, intensive brainstorming sessions are held with multiple team members, problems are averted, conflicts are resolved and crucial decisions are taken in lesser amount of time.Customer Briefing CentersInteractivity often makes a critical difference to a business’s success. Customers and partners may often require frequent and timely briefs and updates regarding the status of a project or details about a new service or product. For instance, PC Connection, a New Hampshire based information technology company uses a virtual Customer briefing Center to interact with the customers about products and services. Video conferencing technology allows an enterprise to learn the evolving needs, expectations and changing requirements of customers and partners and brief them accordingly.THINGS TO CONSIDER BEFORE IMPLEMENTING VIDEO CONFERENCINGThere are multiple video conferencing tools available from the most basic to advanced level based on the users’ needs and budget. If you consider investing in a video conferencing tool for your enterpr ise, you should consider their suitability on the following factors:Secure ConnectionEnterprise level safety and security of business data and information is a major area of concern in utilization of any channel of communication. Users feel confident in knowing that their information is protected through access control and surveillance parameters and through data encryption during a video conferencing session. Therefore, one should opt for video conferencing solutions that have security certifications like SOC-II, FIPS 140-2 and US/EU Safe Harbor compliance.Accessibility Usability EaseThe success of any business software depends upon how accessible, scalable, simplistic in design and functional it is for the users. Administrators should make video conferencing tools easy to access  for teams by placing them in dedicated rooms or on personal desktops and even mobile phones. In order to make video conferencing truly popular and workable in one’s enterprise, it should be widely avai lable and not a prerogative of a select and privileged few, like the executives and CEOs. Booking schedules should be flexible and cheap or even free. Users can be encouraged to switch to the video conferencing alternative through orientation about its benefits and asking core users to lead the initiative and champion its cause. Meanwhile, training, orientation and support should be readily available.Cost EffectivenessEvolution of technology has allowed video conferencing solutions to become cost effective as well. Entry-level solutions range as low as $8 to $40 a month. Free trials are offered as well by few video conferencing firms, which can help an enterprise gauge the software’s suitability for its needs without investing a lot of money into it beforehand. The video conferencing solution should be scalable to growing needs of an organization without incurring high costs.Updating and Maintaining Video Conferencing EquipmentVideo conferencing equipment and peripherals should be maintained regularly and updated or upgraded as per need. Compatibility across platforms should be ensured. Likewise, internet connection should be reliable and bandwidth should be broad enough. Frequent breakdowns or bottlenecks can be frustrating and bring down productivity. They may also deter people from using the technology and let them revert to the old methods.Studying Feasibility before ImplementationBefore deciding to replace the old methods of communication for video conferencing, an enterprise should have a feasibility plan. It should comprise the following areas: assessment of types and frequency of interaction; frequency of traveling and distances; time, human, material resources and cost incurred during traveling; potential ROI arising from switching to video conferencing. Stakeholders, IT department and users must be taken into confidence before such a move.Being Realistic and Optimistic In Terms of ExpectationsOne must have realistic expectations from the video conf erencing tool. It is technology’s evolving frontier but has its limitations. It can’t replace traveling altogether, or replicate the human touch in its entirety. JISC’s videoconferencing guide advises: “Accept that videoconferencing won’t replace all face-to-face meetings and travel. Be prepared to look at new ways to enable amplified and hybrid events.”Last but not the least, it’s true that videoconferencing can’t replace a firm handshake or the warmth of a cup of tea taken together. Yet it lessens geographic distances, brings people together, allows them to communicate and collaborate for shared goals productively. Companies around the globe are becoming cognizant of the fact that opting for videoconferencing as a mode of communication is not just a way to reduce costs but also a way for them to do business communication in a better way.Thus, videoconferencing is a technology, which is shaping the way business communication is done and is a trend that is here to st ay.

Managing change, Qatar Telecommunications - OOREDOO case study Free Essay Example, 2500 words

Customer needs has been argued to be a major trigger for the need of change of management. Ian (2000) argued that an organisation that has to develop and maintain competitive advantage has to have clear mission of where it want to lead and develop strategies that would help it achieve its objectives including ways of managing changes require in achieving the objectives. The need for change management is supported the view of Hussey (2000) in that change is unpredictable and reactive may at times leads to organisational crisis if not managed. With the rise of Vodafone, business operations in the telecommunication sector changed as the company devised strategic ways of doing business and which enabled it capture a chunk of the market. Ooredoo did not see it coming until when it realised that Vodafone was slowly taking over the market. This led to Ooredoo in adapting to the reality of high competition and devised its own competitive strategies. Ooredoo is advantaged in that even before the rise of Vodafone, Ooredoo had already commanded a larger part of the market. We will write a custom essay sample on Managing change, Qatar Telecommunications - OOREDOO case study or any topic specifically for you Only $17.96 $11.86/pageorder now Besides, Ooredoo is backed by the government as the major shareholder (Ooredoo, 2014). In this regard, Ooredoo introduced significant changes especially on post-paid Shahry plans for mobile phones (Ooredoo, 2014). In addition, data allowances have also been increased for all plans. The plan to also have monthly charge for 4G services is seen as a strategy of retaining and attracting new customers. The strategy was aimed at counteracting the new low rates introduced by Vodafone and which was seen to advantage many subscribers. With such deliberations, it is indispensable to argue that Ooredoo’s need for change management has helped it stay in the course. Thus, improved services have been witnessed with the level of quality improving equally. Change in the systems perspective Ian, (2000) argued that organisational change is equated to system perspective either as an organic or a cybernetic model. In regard to organic model, change is viewed as a systematic adaptive response by the system to maintain its balance especially when subjected to a shifting environment. However, this model is viewed as a negative feedback by the system as it tries to strike a balance between the actual and desired conditions and the efforts put in reducing the disparity are critical for the maintenance of the balance of the system. In light of this, organisations can be viewed as systems in the organic model especially when confronted by situations that are not considered as desired situations, but in the actual sense, they are actual situations.

Team Behavior and Processes - 1467 Words

Team Behavior and Processes There are many important elements that effect how a learning team behaves and the processes that a learning team chooses to complete tasks and reach desired goals. The current learning team has established roles and responsibilities, time management skills, and decision making strategies that allow the team to work up to it s full potential. The learning team has maintained a level of trust and responsibility to one another that must exist in order for the team to remain successful Roles and Responsibilities The roles and responsibilities for a learning team should be identified within the first meeting (Thompson, 2000). When roles and responsibilities are established, it opens up the lines of†¦show more content†¦As mentioned previously, each team member has families, jobs and other outside obligations that take up a great deal of time in their day. These situations do not interfere with the team process because we have established deadlines that allow each member to complete and post assignments to the team newsgroup at different times but before deadline. This means that though we may have different schedules or various times during the day to work on given task, we will all attempt to have all individual tasks complete and ready to post by the agreed upon time. Some team members have the luxury of a personal computer at work. This means that during breaks or various times during the day, if time is management is proper, they can work on assignments for the team while on the job. Of course, not everyone has permission to work on personal tasks while on the job, but for those who do, it is a great advantage as far as time management is concerned. Other team members must wait until they are home to complete team tasks. This means that they must be extra careful when it comes to time management. Working on team tasks at home can be the hardest thing to do, especially for a single parent. There must be a very strict schedule put into place that allows these individuals to take care of their families while fulfilling the obligation for the team; however, if time is managed correctly, this will not pose a big problem. Even the most time conscienceShow MoreRelated Leadership and Groups: FMC Green River Essay1447 Words   |  6 PagesSituational Awareness Aberdeen has a great structure for the ability to create quickly various small work teams such as informal groups or self managed work teams that allow the group to focus on improving a specific process. At Aberdeen the small groups gather, choose their own leader, poll together ideas and come up with a solution to specific problem. Once a solution is found the team disbands. 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Answer for case study Free Essays

What factors favor this action? What factors stand in the way? Greensward’s plan for creating â€Å"global lock business† can be integrated with other parts of Black Decker’s business on a global scale. Firstly, he recommends that the international Group establish and take over the â€Å"on-the-ground† representation in foreign markets and at the same time, it should identify â€Å"local champions† in each of the lock factories. Second, he suggests establishing at Black Decker headquarters n Dotson, Maryland, a group product manager for hardware products within the International Division. We will write a custom essay sample on Answer for case study or any similar topic only for you Order Now Third, he also recommends establishing an â€Å"interception organization†. This department acts as a separate centre to facilitate, across all international casting, order placement, billing, forwarding expediting, and processing of export documentation for the lock business. This helps the company to be more effective to deal with the documentation of order and export. Moreover, this organization can also get the first hand marketing Information for analysis and forecasting. Such information includes the market segments and both the strength and weaknesses of competitors, which are very useful In promoting the growth of the future business. Factors that favor for his plan: Inside/ outside the market. Communication should be one of the factor stands In the way. Effective communication acts as a linkage between the headquarters and the local offices. When there Is no effective communication In one part of the hierarchy, the whole Truckee of the lock business will become fragments. For example, the global Issue Is downsizing from the Group Marketing Manager for hardware products to the Marketing development department and the five source business and at the same time, the Marketing development also formulate the strategies on product continuum to sources businesses based on the global Inputs. If the source department does not recognize the global Issue In advance, they will get confused what the Marketing development department Is doing. How to cite Answer for case study, Free Case study samples

Land Pollution and Its Effects Essay Example

Land Pollution and Its Effects Paper Land pollution Article Free pass land pollution, the deposition of solid or liquid waste materials on land or underground in a manner that can contaminate the soil and groundwater, threaten public health, and cause unsightly conditions and nuisances. Images The waste materials that cause land pollution are broadly classified as municipal solid waste (MS, also called municipal refuse), construction and demolition (CD) waste or debris, and hazardous waste. MS includes Nostradamus garbage, rubbish, and trash from homes, institutions (e. G. , schools), commercial establishments, and industrial facilities. Garbage contains moist and decomposable (biodegradable) food wastes (e. G. , meat and vegetable scraps); rubbish comprises mostly dry materials such as paper, glass, textiles, and plastic objects; and trash includes bulky waste materials and objects that are not collected routinely for disposal (e. G. , discarded mattresses, appliances, pieces of furniture). CD waste (or debris) includes wood and metal objects, wallboard, concrete rubble, asphalt, and other inert materials produced when structures are built, renovated, or demolished. Hazardous wastes include harmful and dangerous substances generated armorial as liquids but also as solids, sludge, or gases by various chemical manufacturing companies, petroleum refineries, paper mills, smelters, machine shops, dry cleaners, automobile repair shops, and many other industries or commercial facilities. We will write a custom essay sample on Land Pollution and Its Effects specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Land Pollution and Its Effects specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Land Pollution and Its Effects specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer In addition to improper disposal of MS, CD waste, and hazardous waste, contaminated effluent from subsurface sewage disposal (e. G. , from septic tanks) can also be a cause of land pollution. Soil consists of a mixture of unconsolidated mineral and rock fragments (gravel, sand, silt, and clay) formed from natural weathering processes. Gravel, sand, and silt are relatively coarse-grained bulky particles, while clay particles are very small and plantlike in shape and have a strong affinity for water. Gravel and sand formations are porous and permeable, allowing the free flow of water through the pores or spaces between the particles. Silt is much less permeable than sand or gravel, because of its small particle and pore sizes, while clay is virtually impermeable to the flow of water, because of its plantlike shape and molecular forces. The permeability of soil formations underlying a waste disposal site is of great importance with regard to land pollution. The greater the permeability, the greater the risks from land pollution. Until the mid-20th century, solid wastes were generally collected and placed on top of the ground in uncontrolled open dumps, which often became breeding grounds for rats, mosquitoes, flies, and other disease carriers and were sources of unpleasant odors, windblown debris, and other nuisances. Dumps can contaminate groundwater as well as pollute nearby streams and lakes. A highly contaminated liquid called leached is generated from decomposition of garbage and precipitation that infiltrates and percolates downward through the volume of waste material. When leached aches and mixes with groundwater or seeps into nearby bodies of surface water, public health and environmental quality are jeopardized. Methane, a poisonous and explosive gas that easily flows through soil, is an eventual by- product of the anaerobic (in the absence of oxygen) decomposition of putrescence solid waste material. Open dumping of solid waste is no longer allowed in many countries. Nevertheless, leached and methane from old dumps continue to cause land pollution problems in some areas. A modern technique for land disposal of solid waste involves construction and daily operation and control of so-called sanitary landfills. Sanitary landfills are not dumps; they are carefully planned and engineered facilities designed to control leached and methane and minimize the risk of land pollution from solid-waste disposal. Sanitary landfill sites are carefully selected and prepared with impermeable bottom liners to collect leached and prevent contamination of groundwater. Bottom liners typically consist of flexible plastic membranes and a layer of compacted clay. The waste material?MS and debris?is spread out, compacted with heavy machinery, and covered each day with a layer of compacted soil. Leached is collected in a outwork of perforated pipes at the bottom of the landfill and pumped to an on-site treatment plant or nearby public sewerage system. Methane is also collected in the landfill and safely vented to the atmosphere or recovered for use as a fuel. Groundwater-monitoring wells must be placed around the landfill and sampled periodically to assure proper landfill operation. Completed landfills are capped with a layer of clay or an impermeable membrane to prevent water from entering. A layer of topsoil and various forms of vegetation are placed as a final cover. Completed landfills are often used as public parks or playgrounds.