Descartes s Philosophy On The Mind And Consciousness...

In modern philosophy, reality is viewed in a twofold manner: the immaterial mind on the one hand and the extended body on the other. Also, we think of reality and divided between the â€Å"I† subject and an external world of objects. This line of thinking is attributed to Rene Descartes, widely credited as the father of modern philosophy. Descartes was a proponent of metaphysical dualism. He believed that the mind and the body are distinct substances. To Descartes, we can reach certain knowledge about the mind and consciousness through introspection. He reasons that we cannot doubt our existence as ‘thinking things’ because the fact that we think is undeniable. However, we tend to be fooled by our sensory experience of the world around us, so it is possible to put the world outside of our minds into doubt. To Descartes, philosophy is about attaining certain knowledge. We look upon the world as knowing subjects. Descartes believed that we cannot properly philosophi ze without first establishing certain principles to guide our investigation. We must doubt everything that can be doubted, and only when we reach a position that cannot be doubted can we begin our quest to understand reality. Since we begin with the thinking thing, the Cogito, the mind has ontological precedence over the body. From Descartes onwards, the ultimate questions of philosophy were viewed as being epistemic in nature. The big questions in philosophy were about the relationship of the thinking subject to theShow MoreRelatedEssay on Consciousness As Determined Th1030 Words   |  5 Pages Consciousness is understood in a variety of ways. In one belief, a person is conscious when awake, but unconscious when sleeping or comatose. Yet people also do things requiring perception and thought unconsciously even when they are awake. A person can be conscious of their physical surroundings, pain and even a wish or fantasy. 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Dudley R. B. Grant Free Essays

THE EARLY CHILDHOOD ACT (Act of 2005) ARRANGEMENT OF SECTIONS 1. 2. Short title and commencement Interpretation. We will write a custom essay sample on Dudley R. B. Grant or any similar topic only for you Order Now Registration 3. Registration of early childhood institutions. Application for registration. Permit to operate institution prior to registration. Refusal of registration. Register of early childhood institutions to be kept. Records of early childhood institution to be kept. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. Complaints procedure. 10. Suspension and cancellation of registration. 11. Notice of suspension etc. , of registration. 12. Appeal. 13. Cancellation of permit. 14. Investigations. Operation and Inspection of Early Childhood Institutions 15. Qualifications of operator and employees. 16. Prohibition of corporal punishment and restraint of child. 17. Storage of toxic substances, etc. 2 18. Assignment of officers and powers of entry and inspection. 19. Obligation of staff to co-operate. 20. Penalty for obstruction. 21. Health inspection. 22. Order of closure of early childhood institutions. General 23. Regulations. 24. Offences. 25. Penalty where no express penalty. 26. Registration of existing early childhood institutions. A BILL ENTITLED AN ACT to Provide for the Regulation and Management of early childhood institutions and for other connected matters. BE IT ENACTED by The Queen’s Most Excellent Majesty, by and with the advice and consent of the Senate and House of Representatives of Jamaica, and by the authority of the same, as follows:Short title and commencement. Interpretation. 1. This Act may be cited as the Early Childhood Act, 2005, and shall come into operation on a day to be appointed by the Minister by notice published in the Gazette. 2. In this Act – â€Å"basic school† means a school that offers a course of educational training for students under the age of six years; â€Å"Commission† means the Early Childhood Commission established under section 3 of the Early Childhood Commission Act; â€Å"day care centre† means any premises used for the provision of nonresidential day care service to more than four children up to six years of age for at least six hours per day and at least four days per week; â€Å"early childhood institution† means a setting that provides developmentally appropriate care, stimulation, education and socialization, for children under the age of six years, including day care centres and basic schools; â€Å"inspector† means a person assigned by the prescribed authority pursuant to section 18; â€Å"prescribed authority† means the Early Childhood Unit of the Ministry 4 responsible for education, or such other entity as the Minister may designate in writing. Registration Registration of early childhood institutions. 3. – (1) No person shall operate an early childhood institution unless that institution is registered under this Act. (2) Every application for registration under this section shall be submitted in accordance with section 4. (3) The Commission shall register an early childhood institution if n relation to an application the Commission is satisfied, based upon the written report of the prescribed authority, that – (a) (b) the applicant is eighteen years of age or over; the applicant is a fit and proper person to operate an early childhood institution; (c) where the applicant is an individual, the applicant has not been convicted of an offence under the Dangerous Drugs Act, the Offences Against the Person Act or the Child Care and Protection Act, or an offence involving fraud, dishonesty or moral turpitude; (d) where the applicant is a company, none of its directors or in the case of another body of per sons, none of its members, has been convicted of an offence mentioned in paragraph (c); (e) a person to be employed by the applicant in the operation of the institution has not been convicted of an offence mentioned in paragraph (c); (f) the applicant or a person to be employed by the applicant in the operation of the institution is not, by reason of any infirmity of mind or body or otherwise, incapable of operating or being employed in the institution; and 5 (g) First Schedule. the premises in which the institution is to be operated meets the requirements set out in the First Schedule. (4) Where the registration of an early childhood institution is pproved by the Commission, the Commission shall – (a) within thirty days after such approval (exclusive of Saturdays, Sundays and public general holidays), issue a registration certificate to the institution; and (b) upon the issue of the registration certificate, cause a notice of the registration to be published in the Gazette. (5) (a) A notice under subsection (4)(b) shall state the name of the institution as it appears on the registration certificate; and (b) the name of the operator of the institution. (6) The operator of an early childhood institution registered under this section shall ensure that a valid registration certificate issued to the institution under subsection (4) is displayed in a conspicuous place on the premises of the institution. 7) Registration under this section (a) shall be valid for a period of five years from the date of issue of the registration certificate; and (b) may be renewed upon application in accordance with the provisions of section 4, not later than thirty days before the date of expiration thereof. (8) A person, other than the holder of a permit issued under section 5, who operates an early childhood institution that is not duly registered under this Act, commits an offence and is liable upon summary conviction before a Resident Magistrate to a fine not exceeding two hundred thousand dollars. 6 Application for registration. Second Schedule. 4. – (1) Every application for registration in accordance with this section shall be in the prescribed form and shall be submitted to the Commission, together with the matters specified in the Second Schedule. 2) Within seven days (exclusive of Saturdays, Sundays and public general holidays) after receiving an application under subsection (1), the Commission shall forward a copy of the application to the prescribed authority. (3) Within fifteen days (exclusive of Saturdays, Sundays and public general holidays) after receiving an application submitted in accordance with subsection (1), an officer of the prescribed authority authorized in that behalf shall arrange with the applicant to – (a) (b) visit and conduct an inspection of the proposed premises; and conduct interviews of the applicant and, as the prescribed authority considers necessary, persons proposed to be employed in the operation of t he institution. Permit to operate institution prior to registration. 5. – (1) The Commission may, upon the recommendation of the prescribed authority, issue to an applicant for registration under section 3 a permit to operate the institution pending the determination of the application. (2) A permit under subsection (1) shall cease to be valid upon (a) the delivery to the applicant of a certificate of registration under section 3(4); or (b) where a notice of refusal of registration is delivered to the applicant under section 6, upon the expiration of twenty-four hours after the delivery of the notice or such longer time as the Commission may specify in the notice. 3) As a condition of the grant of a permit under this section, the Commission may, on the recommendation of the prescribed authority, 7 impose time scales for the completion of improvements or amendments to the mode of operation or the premises of the institution. (4) A permit issued under this section shall – (a) (b) be in t he prescribed form ; and stipulate all the conditions imposed under subsection (3) in respect of the institution. (5) The holder of a permit under this section shall allow an inspector entry onto the premises of the institution, at all reasonable hours, for the purpose of carrying out any inspection to ascertain whether or not the institution is in compliance with the conditions of the permit. Refusal of registration. 6. (1) The Commission shall, upon the recommendation of the prescribed authority, refuse an application for registration under section 4 – (a) in any case where the Commission is not satisfied as to the matters set out in section 3(3); or (b) if the Commission is satisfied that – (i) a person to be employed by the applicant is not a fit and proper person to be employed in an early childhood institution; (ii) for reasons connected with zoning, situation, construction, accommodation, staffing or equipment, the premises to be used for the operation of the in stitution are not fit to be so used. (2) Where an application is refused under this section, the Commission shall send to the applicant a notice of the refusal, specifying the reasons therefor. Register of early childhood institu7. The Commission shall keep a register of early childhood institutions and shall cause to be entered therein, from time to time, in respect of every early childhood institution registered in accordance with the 8 tions to be kept. Records of early childhood institution to be kept. Complaints procedure. provisions of this Act, the name of the institution and such particulars in relation thereto as may be prescribed. 8. An operator of an early childhood institution shall keep proper records showing the business conducted by him in respect of that early childhood institution and shall keep such other records as may be prescribed. 9. – (1) A person may make a complaint in writing to the Commission if that person has reason to believe that – (a) an early childhood institution has contravened any provision of this Act; or (b) a child at any early childhood institution has been abused or has suffered injury or harm as a result of the act or negligence of the operator, a person acting as an agent, or any person employed in the operation, of the early childhood institution. 2) Upon receiving a complaint under subsection (1), the Commission shall refer the complaint to an inspector who shall, with a view to preparing the report mentioned in subsection (3), make such inquiries as he thinks fit and conduct discussions with the complaining party, the operator of the early childhood institution an d, where appropriate, any employee of the early childhood institution involved in the complaint. (3) The inspector shall submit to the Commission a report containing the following information – (a) the grounds of the complaint, noting any facts in dispute between the relevant parties; (b) whether, in the opinion of the inspector, the matter can be remedied; 9 (c) if the inspector is of the opinion that the matter can be remedied, the measures recommended by the inspector to effect the remedy; and (d) he time period that the inspector considers to be reasonably sufficient to effect the remedy. (4) Upon receiving a report under subsection (3), the Commission shall – (a) give notice in writing of its intention to consider the report, to – (i) the operator of the early childhood institution and any employee of such institution who is involved in the complaint, together with a copy of the complaint and a copy of the report; (ii) the complaining party, together with a copy of the report; (b) in such notice, specify a period, being not less than seven days, during which any of the persons referred to in paragraph (a) shall be entitled to attend before the Commission, to make representations concerning the complaint. 5) After the expiry of the period mentioned in subsection (4), the Commission may – (a) (b) dismiss the complaint; or confirm the complaint and direct the implementation of the recommendations contained in the report, subject to such variations (if any) as the Commission thinks fit. (6) A person who attends before the Commission under subsection (4) shall be entitled to be accompanied by his attorney-at-law. (7) This section is without prejudice to any other proceedings that may be brought in relation to the complaint by virtue of any other law. 10 Suspension and cancellation of registration. 10. – (1) Subject to section 11, the Commission may, in accordance with subsection (2), suspend or cancel the registration of an e arly childhood institution. 2) The Commission may, by notice in writing to the operator of an early childhood institution – (a) suspend the registration of the early childhood institution if the Commission is satisfied that the institution – (i) is being operated in breach of any of the requirements of this Act or of regulations made under this Act; or (ii) in any case where pursuant to section 9(3)(c) an inspector recommends measures to remedy the matter, the operator has failed to comply with a direction made by the Commission under section 9(5)(b); (b) cancel the registration if the Commission is satisfied that – (i) the operator of the early childhood institution or a person employed in the operation of the institution has been convicted of an offence mentioned in section 3(b)(i); (ii) the operator of the early childhood institution is, by reason of mind or body or otherwise, incapable of operating the institution; (iii) the premises of the early childhood i nstitution are found to be unsuitable upon an inspection carried out pursuant to section 18; (iv) the early childhood institution is being operated in breach of the Public Health Act; or 11 (v) the registration has been suspended under subsection (2)(a) on more than one occasion over a period of eighteen months. (3) Where the Commission suspends the registration of an early childhood institution under subsection (2)(a), the Commission shall act in accordance with subsection (4). 4) The Commission (a) may cancel the registration if six months have expired after the date of such suspension, and the Commission is satisfied that the grounds for the suspension still exist at the institution; or (b) shall forthwith restore the registration if satisfied that – (i) the operator has complied with the directions (if any) issued under section 9(5)(b); and (ii) the grounds for suspension no longer exist, and shall, in writing, inform the operator of the restoration. (5) The Commission sh all cause a notice of every suspension, cancellation or restoration of registration under this Act to be published in the Gazette. Notice of suspension etc. , of registration. 11. (1) Before refusing an application for renewal of registration, or suspending or cancelling the registration of an early childhood institution, the Commission shall give to the operator of the institution not less than seven days written notice of the Commission’s intention to do so, stating – (a) the grounds on which the Commission intends to refuse the application for renewal of the registration, or suspend or cancel the registration, as the case may be; and (b) that, if within seven days after the receipt of that notice, the operator informs the Commission that he desires an opportunity 12 to show cause why such action should not be taken, the Commission shall, before taking any action, afford the operator or his representative such an opportunity. 2) If the operator fails to show cause as mentioned in subsection (1)(b), the Commission shall – (a) in the case of suspension or cancellation, act in accordance with section 10(2) and shall send a copy of the notice referred to in that subsection by registered post to the operator; and (b) in the case of refusal to renew registration, send to the applicant notice of refusal to renew registration. (3) A notice referred to in subsection (2)(a) shall not be effective until the expiration of seven days from the date on which it was issued, or where notice of appeal is given under section 12, until the appeal has been determined or withdrawn. Appeal. 12. A person aggrieved by any decision of the Commission to refuse an pplication for registration or renewal of registration or to suspend or cancel registration may, within seven days after the date on which the notice of such decision was received by him, appeal against such decision to the Appeal Tribunal appointed by the Minister in accordance with the Third Schedule. C ancellation of permit. 13. – (1) The Commission, acting on the recommendation of the prescribed authority, may, by notice in writing to the operator of an early childhood institution, cancel a permit issued under section 5 if the Commission is satisfied that any condition of the permit is being breached in relation to the early childhood institution. 2) The provisions of section 11 and 12 shall apply, with the necessary modifications, to the cancellation of a permit under this section. provisions of the Third Schedule. 13 Investigations. 14. – (1) The Commission may, where it considers it expedient to do so, hold or cause to be held an investigation – (a) to determine whether any registration made, or permit issued, under this Act should be suspended, restored or cancelled; (b) in respect of the breach of any provision of this Act or any regulations made hereunder, or the terms or conditions of any such permit; or (c) as respects any matter related to or connect ed with its functions, so as to determine whether any of such functions should be exercised. 2) With respect to any investigation under subsection (1), the following provisions shall have effect (a) the persons holding the investigation (hereinafter referred to as â€Å"the investigator†) shall do so in such manner and under such conditions as the investigator may think most effectual for ascertaining the facts of the matter under investigation; (b) the investigator shall have for the purposes of the investigation all the powers of a Resident Magistrate to summon witnesses, call for the production of books and documents and to examine witnesses and the parties concerned on oath; (c) any person summoned to attend or to produce books or documents under this section and refusing or neglecting to do so, or refusing to answer any question put to him by or with the concurrence of the investigator commits an offence and is liable on summary conviction before a Resident Magistrate to a fine not exceeding fifty thousand dollars and in default of payment to imprisonment for a term not exceeding three months: Provided that no person shall be bound to incriminate himself 14 and every witness shall, in respect of any evidence given by him at such an investigation be entitled to the same privileges to which he would be entitled if giving evidence before a court; (d) any witness attending at the request of, or upon summons by, the investigator shall, subject to any order made by the tribunal, be entitled to like allowances for expenses as if summoned to attend a Resident Magistrate’s Court. Operation and Inspection of Early Childhood Institutions Qualifications of operator and employees. 15. (1) A person shall not operate an early childhood institution unless that person meets the qualifications prescribed under subsection (4) as to training in the care of children. (2) The operator of an early childhood institution shall not employ any person in the institutio n for the purpose of caring for the children therein unless that person meets the qualifications prescribed under subsection (4) as to training in the care of children. (3) A person who contravenes subsection (1) or (2) commits an offence. (4) The Commission may, with the approval of the Minister, make regulations prescribing qualification requirements in respect of operators and employees of early childhood institutions. Prohibition of corporal punishment and restraint of child. 16. (1) Corporal punishment shall not be inflicted on a child in an early childhood institution. (2) A mechanical or electrical device shall not be used to restrain a child in an early childhood institution. (3) Where restraint of a child is necessary, such restraint shall be administered in accordance with regulations made for that purpose. Storage of 17. All medicines, cleaning agents or toxic substances kept at an early childhood institution shall be appropriately labelled and stored in a 15 toxic substa nces, etc. locked cupboard or other locked receptacle, which shall be kept (a) out of the reach of children; (b) away from equipment; and (c) away from the area in which food is stored. Assignment of officers and powers of entry and inspection. 18. – (1) The prescribed authority may assign such officers as it thinks necessary to be inspectors of early childhood institutions for the purpose of investigating complaints and otherwise securing the proper observance of the provisions of this Act. (2) The assignment of an officer pursuant to this section shall be published by notice in the Gazette and such officer shall be furnished with a certificate of assignment, which he shall produce to the operator or any other person in charge of an early childhood institution, if required to do so, on entering any premises pursuant to subsection (3). 3) An inspector may at all reasonable hours enter and inspect any early childhood institution, or any premises which he has reasonable cause to believe is so used, for the purpose of determining whether the institution is being operated in accordance with this Act. (4) An inspector may, for the purposes of subsection (3) â€⠀œ (a) require the production of records or other documents required to be kept pursuant to this Act; (b) make copies of such documents or records. Obligation of staff to co-operate. 19. – (1) Every operator and employee of an early childhood institution shall co-operate with an inspector executing his functions pursuant to section 18. 2) Any person who fails to comply with subsection (1) commits an offence and is liable upon summary conviction before a Resident Magistrate to a fine not exceeding ten thousand dollars and in default of payment to imprisonment for a term not exceeding three months. 16 Penalty for obstruction. 20. Any person who wilfully obstructs or impedes an inspector in the execution of his duties under this Act commits an offence and is liable upon summary conviction before a Resident Magistrate to a fine not exceeding twenty thousand dollars and in default of payment to imprisonment for a term not exceeding six months. Health inspection. 21. The Minister m ay cause an early childhood institution to be visited t any reasonable time by the Chief Medical Officer or any other health personnel for the purpose of ensuring that proper health standards are maintained at that early childhood institution. Order for closure of early childhood institutions. 22. – (1) Where the Minister has grounds to believe that the welfare of children in an early childhood institution has been, is being or is likely to be, endangered and that it is in the public interest to make an order under this section, the Minister may by order published in the Gazette direct that the institution be closed for such period or pending the fulfilment of such conditions, as the Minister thinks necessary. 2) A person who fails to comply with an order under subsection (1) shall be liable on summary conviction before a Resident Magistrate to a fine not exceeding two hundred and fifty thousand dollars or to imprisonment for a term not exceeding six months. (3) For the purpo ses of subsection (1) the Minister may take into account any report referred to the Minister by the Commission. General Regulations. 23. – (1) The Minister may, subject to affirmative resolution, make regulations generally for giving effect to the provisions of this Act. (2) Without prejudice to the generality of subsection (1), the Minister may, subject to affirmative resolution, make regulations – (a) prescribing ntries to be made in the records kept pursuant to section 8; 17 (b) prescribing standards with regard to safety, security, sanitation and such other matters as the Minister considers necessary for the efficient operation of an early childhood institution; (c) prescribing conditions for admission of children into early childhood institutions; (d) prescribing the forms of application, registration, reports and other documents to be used under this Act; (e) regulating the manner in which and the conditions subject to which the services of an early childhood ins titution shall be performed; (f) prescribing the hours during which early childhood institutions may remain open; (g) rescribing guidelines for the nutrition programmes to be implemented by early childhood institutions; (h) regulating the manner in which a child may be restrained in an early childhood institution; (i) (j) the frequency of inspections carried out under this Act; the return, custody or disposal of registration certificates upon the suspension or cancellation of registration; (k) prescribing any other matter or anything, which may be or is required by this Act to be prescribed. Offences. 24. – (1) A person who contravenes section 3(6) (display of registration certificate) commits an offence and shall be liable upon summary conviction before a Resident Magistrate to a fine not exceeding twentyfive thousand dollars. 2) A person who intentionally makes false statement or declaration in any application submitted under section 4 commits an offence and is liable upon summary conviction before a Resident 18 Magistrate to a fine not exceeding fifty thousand dollars or to imprisonment for a term not exceeding thirty days. (3) A person who, not being assigned as an inspector pursuant to section 18, assumes the designation or description of, assumes to act as, or impersonates, an inspector commits an offence. Penalty where no express penalty. 25. Any person who contravenes or fails to comply with any of the provisions of this Act, for which no penalty is expressly provided, commits n offence and is liable upon summary conviction before a Resident Magistrate to a fine not exceeding fifty thousand dollars and in default of payment to imprisonment with or without hard labour for a term not exceeding thirty days. Registration of existing early childhood institutions. 26. – (1) A person who, on the date of commencement of this Act, is the operator of an early childhood institution shall apply within three months after that date to the Commission to have that early childhood institution registered pursuant to this Act. (2) Every application under this section shall be submitted in accordance with section 4. (3) Where an application has been made pursuant to subsection (1), the operation of the early childhood institution to which it relates may be continued pending the determination of the application. Power to amend Schedules by order. 27. The Minister may, by order subject to affirmative resolution, amend the First or Second Schedule. 19 FIRST SCHEDULE (Section 3) Requirements in respect of premises to be used for the Operation of an early childhood institution Structure. 1. The premises on which an early childhood institution is to be operated shall satisfy the following requirements (a) the building shall – (i) be approved for that purpose by the local planning authority; (ii) be solidly and substantially built with a weather-tight roof; (iii) be floored throughout with timber, concrete, mortar or pavement of brick, stone, tiles or asphalt; (iv) be in good repair; (v) have at least 1. metres square of space for each child and adequate play area outside; (vi) be equipped with suitable and adequate toilet facilities; (b) the premises shall be properly fenced and a gate provided with a latch the height of which shall be beyond the reach of a child; (c) there shall be suitable and adequate number of cribs, cots o r other sleeping devices; (d) there shall be an adequate supply of safe nontoxic play material; 20 (e) the facilities for food storage and preparation shall be clean, safe and hygienic, in conformity with the Public Health Regulations; and (f) the premises shall be properly ventilated and shall have such other facilities as will encourage the good health and well being of a child. Access. 2. Any premises, constructed after the date of ommencement of this Act, on which an early childhood institution is to be operated shall provide for access by a person with a physical disability, including – (a) (b) ramps for wheelchair access; adequate space for a person on crutches or in a wheelchair to manoeuvre in toilet and activity areas; (c) an appropriate number of wash basins and toilets at wheelchair height; (d) doors that open inward for the purposes of entry and doors that open outward for the purposes of exit. Layout and accommodation. 3. – (1) An early childhood instituti on shall not be located in a building where any person resides unless the portion of the building where the early childhood institution is operated is used exclusively for the purposes of that institution during the opening hours of the institution. (2) The following shall be accommodated on the premises of every early childhood institution – (a) an internal play area and access to an outdoor play area; 21 (b) (c) (d) (e) (f) (g) (h) sick bay for children; separate bathroom facilities for staff and children; a food storage and preparation area; a dining area; an area for napping; an administrative area; an instruction area that shall not be used for any purpose other than the instruction of children, when children are present, so situated to allow for a defined space in respect of each of the areas mentioned in paragraphs (a) to (h) and so that the use of one area for its assigned purpose does not interfere with the use of another area for its assigned purpose. (3) The premis es shall provide for adequate space for – (a) storage of equipment and materials used at the early childhood institution; and (b) children to move about freely, including crawl space for infants. Lighting. 4. (1) Proper lighting shall be provided in every part of the premises where children are accommodated and through where they may pass. (2) All electrical outlets shall be placed out of the reach of children and shall be protected by safety covers and mechanisms. Water. 5. Adequate supplies of safe drinking water shall be 22 provided for the use of a child in an early childhood institution. Equipment. 6. The premises shall be equipped with – (a) adequate supplies necessary for rendering first aid; and (b) adequate fire fighting and protective equipment. SECOND SCHEDULE 1. The following shall be submitted with every application for registration (a) (b) (c) the prescribed fee; two assport-sized photographs of the applicant; a reference, in such form as may be prescribe d by the Commission in regulations published in the Gazette, from any two of the following persons (i) (ii) (iii) (iv) a Justice of the Peace; a Minister of religion; an attorney-at-law; the principal of an educational institution or the chairman of the Board of Management of an educational institution; (v) (vi) a former employer of the applicant; a Resident Magistrate or a Judge of the Supreme Court; or (vii) a police officer above the rank of Inspector; (d) a report, from an officer of the Jamaica Fire Brigade authorized by the Commissioner of the (Section 4) 23 Brigade in that behalf, stating that the premises proposed for the operation of the institution have been inspected and that the officer is satisfied that reasonable steps are taken for the prevention of fire and for protection against the dangers of fire and other disaster; (e) a report from a Medical Officer (Health), or any other person authorized in writing in that behalf by the Minister or by a Local Board or by the Medical Officer (Health), stating that the premises proposed for the operation have been inspected and are in compliance with the provisions of the Public Health Act; (f) in respect of the applicant and each person proposed to be employed in the operation of the institution – (i) a certificate, from a registered medical practitioner certifying that the applicant or employee, as the case may be, is in good health; and (ii) (g) a food handler’s permit; the name and job description of each proposed employee and a copy of every proposed terms of employment; (h) details as to the proposed premises, including – (i) a floor plan of each building; (ii) a description of the structure; 24 (iii) the type of accommodation (internal and external); (iv) (v) furniture and equipment; such other details as may be prescribed; (i) particulars of fees to be charged and proposed sources of funding. THIRD SCHEDULE The Appeal Tribunal Constitution of Tribunal. 1. The Appeal Tribunal shall (a) subject to paragraph 2, consist of three members appointed by the Minister; and (b) have the following qualifications – (i) the chairman shall be an attorney-at-law; and (ii) each of the two other members shall be qualified in at least one of the following areas, that is to say, child care, child psychology, nutrition, paediatrics or nursing. Power of one member to sit alone. Tenure of office. 2. For the hearing of any appeal under this Act, the (Section 12) Appeal Tribunal may consist of one member sitting alone if the parties to the appeal agree. 3. The members of the Appeal Tribunal shall, subject to the provisions of this Schedule, hold office for such period, not exceeding two years, as the Minister may determine and shall be eligible for reappointment. Acting 4. The Minister may appoint any person to act in the 25 appointment. lace of the Chairman or any other member of the Appeal Tribunal in the case of the absence or inability to act of th e Chairman or any other member. Resignation. 5. – (1) Any member of the Appeal Tribunal, other than the Chairman, may, at any time, resign his office by instrument in writing addressed to the Minister and transmitted through the Chairman and, from the date of the receipt by the Minister of such instrument, that member shall cease to be a member of the Appeal Tribunal. (2) The Chairman may, at any time, resign his office by instrument in writing addressed to the Minister, and such resignation shall take effect as from the date of receipt by the Minister of that instrument. Revocation of appointment. Filling of vacancies. 6. The Minister may, at any time, revoke the appointment of any member of the Appeal Tribunal if he thinks it expedient to do so. 7. If any vacancy occurs in the membership of the Appeal Tribunal such vacancy shall be filled by the appointment of another member. Publication of membership. Remuneration. 8. The names of all members of the Appeal Tribunal as first constituted and every change in the membership thereof shall be published in the Gazette. 9. There shall be paid to the Chairman and other members of the Appeal Tribunal, in respect of each appeal, such remuneration, whether by way of honorarium, salary or fees, and such allowances as the Minister may determine. Voting. 10. The decision of the Appeal Tribunal shall be by a majority of votes of the members and in addition to an 26 original vote, the Chairman shall have a casting vote in any case in which the voting is equal. Power to regulate proceedings. Office of Chairman or member of Tribunal not public office. 12. The office of Chairman or member of the Appeal 11. Subject to the provisions of this Schedule, the Appeal Tribunal shall regulate its own proceedings. Tribunal shall not be a public office for the purposes of Chapter V of the Constitution of Jamaica. MEMORANDUM OF OBJECTS AND REASONS There exists the need for a comprehensive framework for all aspects of early childhood education, care and development. An Early Childhood Commission has already been established to oversee the regulation of early childhood services. In order to ensure proper standards, a decision was taken to make legislative provision for the regulation of early childhood institutions. This Bill seeks to give effect to that decision. The Bill provides for – (a) the registration of early childhood institutions; (b) the setting of standards for the operation of such institutions with respect to safety, sanitation, health and supervision and as regards the condition of the relevant premises; 27 (c) monitoring compliance with the legal requirements by a system of inspection. Maxine Henry-Wilson Minister of Education, Youth and Culture How to cite Dudley R. B. Grant, Papers

Grossman Model and Impacts of Hypochondria †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Grossman Model and Impacts of Hypochondria. Answer: Introduction: Health has three very important roles in the Grossman model. Hypochondria condition is a situation where one has a negative perception of suffering from a certain major illness (Mayo Clinic, 2015). This condition therefore implies that there is a reduction in the optimal health. The people with this condition sometimes become functionless because they have so much worry within themselves. They keep checking their body for any symptom that may be a sign of illness (Novak, 2016). A normal body condition such as a noisy stomach is enough to worry them. Despite which role health plays in the Grossman model, there will be a reduced optimal health. Now the explanation according to the roles is as follows; According to the first role of health as a consumption good, a person achieves utility to consuming both health and home goods. Health is the actual condition of the body whereas home goods are any other non-health products that contributes to ones utility. Every human being is faced with a budget since everything that a person consumes has to be paid for. For this budget, a person has to work to accumulate income for facilitating the same. However, despite the level of income, human wants are unlimited and thus income is never enough to meet all human wants (scarcity). This forces one to make choices on the allocation of the available resources; more income is allocated to the most important need while foregoing the least important. A person becomes indifference on her spending on various needs and this creates an opportunity cost. The major constraint in this case is time. The 24 hours in a day is divided into working time, playing time, improving health and sick time. Working time is essential as it results in income that is used for buying both health and home goods, but time has to be spent on playing and improving health. Sick time is the time a person losses and spends sleeping thus less activities that may contribute to adding utility. Given the levels of sick time and time spent on improving health, a person is now left with a choice of working time and playing time as in the graph below. The initial budget line AB is constrained by U0. The increased sick time shifts the time constraint to the left to U1 and a new budget line is formed this is because sickness expenses reduces income. This in turn reduces both working and playing time from W0 to W1 and P0 to P1 respectively. The point of tangency between CD and U1 gives the new optimal Health. As per the second role of being an input of production, health and home goods have to be produced by the use of market inputs. Market inputs for health include treadmills and weights, while those for home goods include video games and movie tickets. Auld (2014) noted that productivity of a sick person falls since less time is spent on other productive activities such as playing, working and health improvement. According to Mayo Clinic (2015), the hypochondriac condition is associated with a lot of distress and thus can put one out of action. The initial optimum utility is U1 and the optimum health is H* where there is tangency between the PPF and the indifference curve. Hmin means that there is no activity taking place since there is no productivity time. Increased sick time reduces productivity time. Pearlman (2010) noted that at some point, a hypochondriac patient may enter the office with tears in her eyes; there is no way this person can have full concentration in the workplace. When productivity time deviates from the optimal H* to the direction shown by the arrow, utility falls from U1 to U2. This move is to a lower optimal health. Lastly as per the third role of health being an investment, since health is considered to be a stock, illness anxiety reduces this stock. There is no way a person who has a perception of being sick today can think of having a healthy future. According to Pearlman (2010), this person is convinced of dying and the last thing expected of her is to increase an investment on her health. The initial Marginal Efficiency of Capital (MEC) curve is MEC0 with Optimal health being H*. Health investment and health have diminishing returns; as health capital increases, it becomes difficult for one to generate health from inputs (Dolan, 2003). A fall in health lowers the MEC and thus shifts from MEC0 to MEC1. r + is the minimum return expected to be made on health investment. is the depreciation rate and raises the cost of health when one worries for a long period (Legg Nordqvist, 2017) When a person perceives that she might be suffering from a certain major disease, she thinks that life may end up very soon, thus, investment in health would attract a rate of return lower than r + . Dolan (2003) pointed out that this r + is the marginal cost of investing in health and must be equal to the marginal benefit. This makes her to have a view that investment in health will attract lower returns and thus opts to invest in other alternatives in the market other than health. This lo wers the MEC and the new health optimal level falls from H* to H*new. The biggest worry of a hypochondria person is that the disease may consume a big proportion of her income and that there is a low probability of recovering (eventually death will occur). An exogenous income of winning $ 1 million in lottery can have a positive effect on her perception. She now may feel that she is in a position better to fight with the disease even if it was real. The exogenous income will help in giving her some peace of mind in that she can now afford better health services. Cheng, Costa-i-Font Powdthavee (2015) confirmed the argument of lottery winners seeking more private health care. With such income, she my now decide to open up her new job and employ some workers. This action will not need much of her working time, money will now work for her, and thus, she will have more time for playing and improving health. In turn, this will now reduce the sick time as her health will now improve. An improvement in health will mean a reduction in sick time. Subsequently, this will boost her optimal health resulting in an improved productivity. Das (2015) noted that an improvement in health is greatly contributed by an improvement in income. References Auld, C. (2014). Individual-level demand for and production of health. Web.uvic.ca. Retrieved 16 April 2018, from https://web.uvic.ca/~auld/auld-jh-chapter5-grossman-R1.pdf. Cheng, T., Costa-i-Font, J., Powdthavee, N. (2015). Lottery income, healthcare, and supplementary health insurance. Voxeu.org. Retrieved 16 April 2018, from https://voxeu.org/article/windfall-income-and-healthcare-choices. Das, s. (2015). Health as a Human Capital: Overview of Grossman model. Slideshare.net. Retrieved 16 April 2018, from https://www.slideshare.net/sumitdas79462/grossman-model. Dolan, P. (2003). Grossmans theory of the demand for health care. Is.muni.cz. Retrieved 15 April 2018, from https://is.muni.cz/el/1456/jaro2009/PVEKZD/um/1329617/grossman.pdf. Legg, T., Nordqvist, C. (2017). Hypochondria: What is illness anxiety disorder? Medical News Today. Retrieved 15 April 2018, from https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/9983.php. Mayo Clinic. (2015). Illness anxiety disorder - Symptoms and causes. Mayo Clinic. Retrieved 15 April 2018, from https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/illness-anxiety-disorder/symptoms-causes/syc-20373782. Novak, L. (2016). Confessions of a hypochondriac. Retrieved 15 April 2018, from https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/to-your-health/wp/2016/02/18/confessions-of-a-hypochondriac/?noredirect=onutm_term=.7d5f9a9af96d. Pearlman, J. (2010). Hypochondria: The Impossible Illness. Psychology Today. Retrieved 16 April 2018, from https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/articles/201001/hypochondria-the-impossible-illness.

International Business Globalization free essay sample

The shipping costs are much less than it would be to perform these tasks in one country. This is called absolute advantage, where someone is great at one thing. With this in mind you will get a product that has the best resources available at the lowest cost, which is comparative advantage. Finally, specialization is where everyone is doing what they do best and pulling their resources together to make one incredible product. Q-2. Use the theory of comparative advantage to explain the way in which Logitech has configured its global operations. Why does the company manufacture in China and Taiwan, undertake basic Ramp;D in California and Switzerland, design products in Ireland, and coordinate marketing and operations from California? ANSW. Logitech is very brilliant when it comes to comparative advantage. It does basic Ramp;D work in Switzerland with 200 employees, its headquarters are in Fremont, California with 450 employees as well as some Ramp;D, the ergonomic designs are developed in Ireland, and the products are manufactured in Taiwan and China. We will write a custom essay sample on International Business Globalization or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The comparative advantage is that it is the most cost effective to break up the business in many different countries that specialize in a certain job. Q-3. Who creates more value for Logitech, the 650 people it employs in Fremont and Switzerland, or the 4,000 employees at its Chinese factory? What are the implications of this observation for the argument that free trade is beneficial? ANSW. The 650 employees in Fremont, California and Switzerland create more value for Logitech. It is where all of the Ramp;D and designs are developed. The 4,000 employees of China add $3 to the Wanda product, which is almost nothing in comparison to the remaining $37. Free trade is beneficial because labour costs can be brought way down. O-4Why do you think the company decided to shift its corporate headquarters from Switzerland to Fremont? ANSW. America specializes in Ramp;D. The headquarters were moved because of the company’s global marketing, finance, and logistics operations. That is what Americans do best. O-5To what extent can Porter’s diamond help explain the choice of Taiwan as a major manufacturing site for Logitech? ANSWThere are four parts to Porter’s diamond: (1) factor of endowments, which is a nation’s position in factors of production such as skilled labor or the infrastructure necessary to compete in a given industry; (2) demand conditions, which is the nature of home demand for the industry’s product or service; (3) relating and supporting industries, which is the presence or absence of supplier industries and related industries that are internationally competitive; (4) firm strategy, structure, and rivalry, which are the conditions governing how companies are created, organized, and managed and the nature of domestic rivalry. Taiwan’s factor of endowments was that it had a science-based Industrial Park in Hsinchu. The demand conditions were that the Taiwanese were already trained to deal with technology. The relating and supporting industries were that Taiwan was the best as building technology as the lowest cost. The firm strategy, structure, and rivalry were that Taiwan had no domestic rivalry; they provided the lowest cost. Q-6Why do you think China is now a favored location for so much high technology manufacturing activity? How will China’s increasing involvement in global trade help that country? How will it help the world’s developed economies? What potential problems are associated with moving work to China? ANSW Chinese labourers are some of the cheapest in the world. Even though the workers are not treated very well, they are starting to rise up and demand more wages. The increase in foreign trade for China has helped to increase their economy. The world’s developed economies will benefit because of the globalization of production. The potential problems are that Americans are losing jobs to foreign markets. Case 2 Q. what do you think are the economic benefit of liberalizing the EU energy market? Who stands to gain the most from liberalization? The economic benefits of liberalizing the EU energy are followings. First, greater efficiency leads to lower costs and prices, which is improving competitiveness. It is also crucial for companies that are competing in a more global market. As liberalization and the introduction of competition becomes more widespread across Europe this should lead to further efficiency gains, costs reductions and the potential for lower prices. A completely open European market will allow all consumers to benefit from the cheapest available sources of energy and will drive companies’ costs down based on economic scales. Second, it ensures a secure and stable energy supply in Europe. It can stimulate the competition between the energy companies and attracts more investments on the European internal energy network. For instance, when Russia and Ukraine â€Å"show off† their gas line’s time once more, the EU energy market is helpful in reducing Eastern European country energy supply risk such as Bulgarian and Hungary’s shortage of energy. Moreover, it increases the ability to fight with the Russian energy monopoly among their energy companies. In conclusion, competition ensures competitive prices. It is able to balance the issues of competition, energy security and environment protection in the EU energy market. For most industries, energy is essential to the cost base and competitiveness. The European industries compete internationally. Increase in energy costs cannot be transferred to customers without risking reduction in market share. Once EU’s energy market can be established, energy’s cost and the price will be dropped largely. The energy exporting country and the country of consumption will obtain the high income. 2. What are the implications of liberalization for energy producers in the EU? How will the environment they face change after liberalization? What actions will they have to take? ANSW: Implications: Replace the markets of its 27 member states with a single continent wide market for electricity and gas. The majority market shares would be acquired and dominated by a large single enterprise eg: Electric de France. Changes in environment after liberalization: There are a lot of acquisitions and mergers in the energy markets. Politicians and governments try to protect their firms from other competitions with regulations. Bigger firms will try to acquire firms in local country. Actions: Government would impose conditions to stop foreign companies from acquiring local companies. The local authorities would try to protect the local company advantages. 3. Why is the de-integration of large energy companies seen as such an important part of any attempt to liberalize the EU energy market? ANSW: I think that de-integration of the bigger companies will encourage the smaller companies to be more active and permit the market to be fair and equal. It could also increase affordability and dependability of the service by permitting new introduction of new operators within the energy market. Q-4 why do you think progress towards the liberalization of the EU energy market has been fairly slow so far? ANSW. May be this could be relevant For several years now the European Union, the largest regional trading block in the world, has been trying to liberalize its energy market, replacing the markets of its 27 member states with a single continent wide market for electricity and gas. The first phase of liberalization went into effect in June 2007. When fully implemented, the ability of energy producers to sell  electricity and gas across national borders will be improved, increasing competition. The road toward the creation of a single EU energy market, however, has been anything but easy. Many national markets are dominated by a single enterprise, often a former state owned utility. Electricity de France, for example, has an 87 percent share of that countrys electricity market. Injecting competition into such concentrated markets will prove difficult. To complicate matters, most of these utilities are vertically integrated, producing, transmitting, and selling power. These vertically integrated producers have little interest in letting other utilities use their transmission grids to sell power to end users, or in buying power from other producers. For the full benefits of competition to take hold, the EU recognizes that utilities need to be split into generation, transmission, and marketing companies so that the business of selling energy can be separated from the businesses of producing it and transmitting it. Only then, so the thinking goes, will independent power marketing companies be able to buy energy from the cheapest source, whether it is within national borders or else where in the EU, and resell it to consumers, thereby promoting competition. For now, efforts to mandate the disintegration of utilities are some way off. Indeed, in February 2007 national energy ministers from the different EU states rejected a call from the European Commission, the top competition body in the EU, to break apart utilities.

The Boston Tea Party essays

The Boston Tea Party essays The era of the American Revolution was marked by a series of violent outbreaks in town and countryside. A sequence of urban violence runs from the Stamp Act riots in 1765 through the Sons of Liberty violence, the Boston Massacre, the burning of the Gaspee , and the Boston Tea Party to the incident that triggered the Revolutionary Warthe fighting at Lexington and Concord. Behind the violence in Boston was the city's remarkable patriot infrastructure of the 1760s and 1770s, headed by James Otis, Samuel Adams, and their colleagues. The infrastructure grew out of the convergence of a historical tradition with a contemporary situation. The historical tradition was the CookeCaucus heritage of popular politics in Boston, and the contemporary situation was the diversity and complexity of Boston's social, economic, and political life in the 1760s, which formed a fertile seedbed for the growth of the anti-British movement. In 1773 the East India Company was on the verge of financial collapse. Since the seventeenth century the company had traded in India as its private corporate enterprise. Many company officials had become rich through bribery and special privileges, but the company itself had suffered. One of its few remaining assets, seventeen million pounds of tea held in its London warehouses, remained unsold because of the American boycott, and also because heavy taxes made it too expensive in Britain itself. Why not, Lord North asked, drastically reduce the English tax? With only three pence per pound to be paid on arrival in America, the tea would become so cheap that it would undersell smuggled Dutch tea. The tea would sell widely and the East India Company would be saved from ruin and the government would at last raise some much-needed revenue from the troublesome mainland colonies. This plan received legislative form in the Tea Act of 1773. What North did not foresee was that Americans would perceive this scheme as an insulting b...

An Analysis of the Different Economic Bodies and Their Impact in Different Countries in the Book, Why Nations Fail, Written By Doran Acemoglu and James Robinson

An Analysis of the Different Economic Bodies and Their Impact in Different Countries in the Book, Why Nations Fail, Written By Doran Acemoglu and James Robinson Why Nations Fail Why some nations fail while others succeed have become a mysterious question to many. However, in their book named Why Nations Fail, authors Acemoglu and Robinson have finally revealed to their readers what truly causes nations to fail, which are extractive economic institutions that certain governments have. This paper will be exploring the current type of economic institutions in three different nations by using knowledge from the book Why Nations Fail, as well as historical facts to support the given statements. The countries’ economic institutions that will be explored are Venezuela, Mexico, and Haiti. These countries will also be put into comparison with the United States, a country that has inclusive economic institutions. Venezuela has been experiencing an economic decline for a long time. According to the article, â€Å"Venezuela is in its third year of recession and according to the International Monetary Fund, its economy is expected to contract 10% this year† (Gillespie, 2016). The main cause of this recession can be tracked down to the leader of the government in Venezuela, Chavez, who focuses government spending excessively on extractive economic institutions. In the book Why Nations Fail by Acemoglu and Robinson, it’s stated that it’s the economic institutions that are the foundation of economic development which is evident through the fact that economic institutions allow people to trade and build their own businesses comfortably. The topic of economic institutions being the heart of economic growth takes us to the topic of trade. Venezuela, as aforementioned, was a thriving country only a decade ago. This was mainly due to Venezuela being an oil-rich country. The point of trade is for the countries to specialize in whatever they’re doing best and export that while importing what they lack in. The problem with Venezuela was although they were successfully specializing in producing oil, they weren’t really producing anything else or importing any goods from other countries. Additionally, Venezuela wasn’t exporting any of the tremendous amount of oil it’s producing. Through the article, one can discover that Venezuela’s main oil company, which is run by the government, is the main reason why any of these exports or imports aren’t taking place. This again is evidence how extractive economic institutions can ruin a nation. Because of the economic recession and the lack of trade in Venezuela, inflation has become a tangible problem. Prices are soaring high, and Venezuela has a staggering increase in inflation in 2016 with a 475% (Gillespie, 2016). Not only are prices high, but producers aren’t able to produce because of the lack of trade. This ultimately results in food shortages and suffering citizens. While the citizens of United States can freely go into any Publix or Winn Dixie and shop at their leisure, the citizens of Venezuela wait in long lines outside of super markets only to find out that the last bottle of milk had already been bought 2 hours ago. The food shortages are causing the mortality rates of Venezuela to go up, with more and more children and elderly being malnourished. Mexico is the second country that is under the exploration of economic institutions. As explained in Why Nations Fail, the reason that Mexico currently has extractive economic institutions is because it’s a country founded up on extractive economic institutions. Historical facts and how a country began its government have a lot to do with its current economic institutions. For example, the reason Mexico is the way it is has to do with how Spanish conquistadors invaded that region and discovered large amounts of gold. Realizing the gold’s worth and seeing how it can be useful to them, they used the region’s natives, forcefully, to mine more gold and silver for them so they can be better off. There an extractive economic institution was created; the Spanish conquistadors were extracting the native’s wealth from them by using the native’ labor to make themselves better off. Even right now Mexico has many extractive institutions. For example, in the 2013 article, Why Nations Fail What Can be Done by David Sasaki, it speaks of how the infamous telecommunications monopolist of Mexico, Carlos Slim, have cost Mexico $129 billion (Sasaki, 2013). Although Mexico has one of the slowest and most costly internet speeds, they â€Å"lose $130 billion and Carlos Slim personally gains $80 billion† (Sasaki, 2013). Carlos Slim’s actions are the epitome of extractive economic institutions, and it because of people like Chavez and Slim and the Spanish conquistadors that are the ones who make sure that extractive economic institutions will continue on. As can be seen, the root of why nations fail lies within their economic institutions. Nations that are successful have mainly inclusive economic institutions. China, a country with extractive economic institutions had a horrible economy only until recently ago. The only reason their economy improved is because they decided to accept technology and trade with foreign countries, instead of pushing them away and secluding themselves. However, China still does have extractive economic institutions, and if other countries don’t wish to trade with them anymore, their economy will return to where it started. As can be seen with Venezuela, Haiti, and Mexico, extractive economic institutions take away from the general public to help the elite. These type of institutions aren’t only bad for the nation, but are immoral and unethical as it leaves people in a chaotic turmoil.

Motivational Strategies Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Motivational Strategies - Essay Example Employing various mixes of motivational strategies depends on the kind of employees to be supervised and the situation the managers find themselves in. Managers should have it as a priority to learn when to they should praise, trust and delegate and above all they should know and understand the benefits and disadvantages of the reward system and motivation theories. At Gift of life clinic back street is a private hospital owned by a renowned doctor who adds up as the overall manager, and their work philosophy includes improving productivity together with better management skills. This is a common organizational strategic for development world while among medics. To develop motivated employees, must management to; Paying a worker has both short term and long term goal of motivating the employees at any organization. The primary aim of a rewarding system is to bring positive reinforcement, and there should be various factors to be considered in designing a real worthwhile system. A real rewarding system comes with accountability and based on employee’s performance and includes having appraisal for individual employees. There is also the importance of the management not only to focus on the financial form of reward but also behavioral approach to rewarding individual employees. Workers incentives are also important as they offer motivation to employee since they give employees extra to endeavor for than just regular paycheck and it is in different categories which includes bonuses, cash paid time off and travel perks. Another motivational strategy that the clinic can employ is the need for management to develop a free and honest communication channel within the workplace. It is of importance that the doctor in charge who is also the manager communicates individual employee’s expectation freely so that each worker has a clear idea of what task lies ahead. When management does this it goes

Health Promotion Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Health Promotion - Research Paper Example What are the impacts of the changes on families across the nation? What can be done differently? What does the future hold? All these questions are very important given the fact that populations are aging, there is an increase in health care costs, medicines are increasingly becoming costly and the population lacking health coverage are on the rise too. There are several key factors that influence people’s approach to health care delivery. These include cultural values and beliefs, situational and economic factors. Economic realities have the greatest influence on the design of the health care delivery systems (Palley, 1995). The United States health expenditures with reference to the Health Care Financing Administration (1998) were as illustrated in the table below; In a review of the data, Weiss and Lonnquist (2000) came to a conclusion that the United States has the most expensive and demanding health care system as compared to other countries in the world. In comparison to other sectors of the economy, there has been a more rapid growth. Viewed from another angle, an examination of the expenditure on national health care in relation to GDP reveals a rapid increase in expenditure. For the past forty years, Americans have recorded a steady increase in cost in excess of the other sectors of the economy (Braden, Lazenby and Levit, 1998). From 1960 to 1990, the health care took a bigger share of the GDP up from five percent to fourteen percent. Some of the factors that have fueled this increase include; â€Å"ObamaCare† was signed into law on the 23rd day of March 2010 by President Barack Obama. In combination with the Health Care and Education Reconciliation Act amendment, they represent the most remarkable regulatory sanitation of the United States health care system in the history of the country since the Medicaid and Medicare passage in 1965. The Affordable Care Act was enacted to; increase the affordability and quality of health

Pistahan Sa Mdeo Essay Example for Free

Pistahan Sa Mdeo Essay It has been Montessori De Oro’s tradition to celebrate Buwan ng Wika annually. Last August, we once again celebrate it with the theme â€Å"Tatag ng Wikang Filipino, Lakas ng Pagka-Pilipino.† Students worked hand in hand with the faculty and staff in coming up with an exciting event. Hence, Poster Making and Essay Writing Contests were held. Students from different year levels were encouraged to showcase their artistic views and informative ideas. The best posters were chosen according to the relevance of the theme, neatness and creativity. While the best essays were chosen on how the ideas were arranged, concretized and expounded. Thus, the winners for the Poster Making Contest starting up with the Lower Division were; 1st place- Klient Aà ±over and Charles Enriquez both from Silver Team and Danica Antigua from the Gold Team. 2nd place- Ann Ross Fernandez from Green Team, Alexandra Femielle Santander from Silver Team and Angelica Olarte from Silver Team. And 3rd place- Nichole Solon from Silver Team. And for the Upper Division winners we have; 1st place – Paola Angelika Agpawa from Silver Team and Kim Zalsos from Green Team. 2nd place- Sherina Ann Afdal, Cara Antigua and Krishna Louise Valdehueza all from Gold Team and 3rd place- Alden Acdal Jr. from Green Team. And for the winners of the Essay Writing Contest in the Lower Division we have 1st place – Ann Ross Fernandez from Green Team. 2nd place- Nichole Solon from the Silver Team, and 3rd place- Alexandra Femielle Santander and Famela Clarice Paghasian both from Silver Team and Danica Antigua from Gold Team. And for the Upper Division, the winners were; 1st place- Paola Angelika Agpawa from the Silver Team, Nie Coleen Ebajay from the Gold Team and Hasmin Pascasio from the Green Team. 2nd place- Mari Chelsi Rey from the Gold Team and 3rd place- Krishna Louise Valdehueza and Minette Cheska Rey both from the Gold Team. The highlight of the festivities was the â€Å"Tagisan ng Talino†. It is composed of chosen students from 1st year to 4th year and were grouped according to their school spirit color- the Green, the Silver and the Gold. Thus, the Representatives for the Green Team were Loulanie Grace Bello from 4th Year, Hasmin Pascasio from 3rd Year, Ann Ross Fernandez from 2nd Year and Mary Margareth Gonzalez from the 1st Year. For the Silver Team, the representatives were Paola Angelika Agpawa from the 4th Year, Kayra Andrea Salcedo from the 3rd Year, Nichole Solon from the 2nd  Year and Famela Clarice Paghasian from the 1st Year. And lastly the representatives of the Gold Team were Mari Chelsi Rey from the 4th Year, Minette Cheska Rey from the 3rd Year, Danica Antigua from the 2nd Year and Tristan Tuazon from the 1st Year. All of the contestants did their best to answer the questions correctly despite the time pressure. Finally, the Silver Team garnered 21 pts and won 1st place, followed by the Green Team with 20pts that made them in the 2nd place and lastly the Gold Team in 3rd place with 18 pts. For the contestants, it was truly a remarkable experience for they were challenged on how far have they learned the Filipino subject. Right after the â€Å"Tagisan ng Talino†, all year levels presented a song and dance number. The 1st year Emerald gracefully performed Kuratsa (a Waray dance). Also, some students from the same section prepared a verse choir speech entitled â€Å"Ako’y Pilipino† which was written by Isabel Empimo Mendoza. A remix of popular Filipino dance songs such as Kapayapaan, Matinik and Bebot were presented by the 2nd year Diamond. The 3rd Year Pearl sang and danced their hearts out with the song â€Å"Wikang Filipino†. And lastly the 4th Year Amethyst danced in the tune of â€Å"Choose Philippines† in katutubo costumes. They also prepared a song number entitled â€Å"Ligaya† by the iconic band Eraserheads. But the celebration didn’t end there yet. On the following day, the Senior students prepared Mga Palarong-Pinoy. These were encouraged to instill the Filipino Culture within the students. Such games were patintero, dancing ball, takyan, luksong lubid and many more. Despite the blazing sun, everyone still managed to play the games with beaming smiles. Right after the Palarong-Pinoy was the much awaited- Kakaning Pinoy. Different varieties of Filipino delicacies were presented and shared among the students and teachers including the faculty and staff members. It also lifted everyone’s festive spirit since the act of sharing and giving were observed during the said event. Everyone was indeed thrilled for the fun-filled activities that happened during the celebration. For us Seniors, Montessori De Oro is a school were students are developed through showcasing their talents and skills in the field of performing, playing sports, writing, drawing and many more. We are not only taught to grasp the knowledge and information we get from our daily encounter with the surroundings but also exposed us to recreational activities that can hone our physical, mental, emotional, social and spiritual development. For we  believed, that in Montessori De Oro, every student will soar up high!

Americas Juvenile Justice System Essays -- Crime Criminal Delinquent

The Juvenile Justice system, since its conception over a century ago, has been one at conflict with itself. Originally conceived as a fatherly entity intervening into the lives of the troubled urban youths, it has since been transformed into a rigid and adversarial arena restrained by the demands of personal liberty and due process. The nature of a juvenile's experience within the juvenile justice system has come almost full circle from being treated as an adult, then as an unaccountable child, now almost as an adult once more. Studies and anecdotes have shown that our modern approach, however, is ill-equipped to reduce crime or deal with chronic delinquents while at the same time protecting their due liberties. We now stand on the precipice of decision: How can we strike an appropriate balance in the juvenile justice system? Should we even retain a separate system for children at all? The answers are usually difficult, sometimes subtle, but always possible to attain. This paper will analyze the different theoretical issues pertaining to the modern juvenile court, determine their origin, and suggest a course of action for resolving these issues to the best extent possible. It is important to note, however, that the juvenile justice system alone cannot ever prevent all juvenile crime, respond perfectly to every situation or treat every suspect fairly. Furthermore, an effective antidote to modern juvenile crime would necessitate far broader action, addressing underlying social structure inequalities that breed poverty and social disorganization. The Creation of Childhood and Its Court Prior to modern times, Colonial American children were perceived to be small adults, more or less able to interact with grown-ups and ... ... presence of a competent lawyer, that is an issue for the Supreme Court). Judicial waivers would become obsolete. The offenders left in the juvenile system (under age 16) would hardly present anymore than a handful of cases that might raise questions of fitness. If only 1% of older offenders under today?s system are waived, this problem will be mitigated. It may seem harsh to draw the line at 16 without compromise, but we, as Feld points out, do this with many other societal privileges and duties. The draft age is precisely 18, the driving age in most states is precisely 16 and so forth. Is a person more fit to be drunk a week before their 21st birthday than a week after? Drawing one line is the only way to avoid the problems associated with waiver laws that either provide too much discretion that lends itself to discrimination and to provide consistency.

Change & Continuity over Time of Religion in Europe from the 1500-1900 Essay

The period between 1500 to 1900 also refers to the time period from the Middle Ages to the modern world. The period witnessed significant strides in state building in England, France, and Spain, where growing bureaucracies levied taxes to finance large-scale warfare and territorial expansion. At the same time encroachment on the longstanding powers of the nobility caused feudal reaction, while the breach with tradition, particularly by creating new taxes in an era plagued by war, famine, and disease, caused peasants to revolt. A number of historical trends emerged to give the period clear definition: the fragmentation of Christianity and growing secularism; pronounced demographic and economic fluctuation; the development of the European state system; and the emergence of a global, Europe-centered system of production and trade. In the second decade of the sixteenth century, the Christian church experienced the first in a series of religious divisions along geographic lines. The sequence of splits, beginning in the Holy Roman Empire and spreading to the whole of Europe by the end of the century, transformed the relationship of the reformed churches with state, society, and the people. Christianity also spread to the indigenous people of the Americas and Asia. There was a strong desire for religious unity, marked by mandatory conversions of Moors and Jews to Catholicism in Spain and an enthusiastic missionary effort both in Europe and abroad. At the same time in nearly every area of Europe religious conflict and calls for a redistribution of power became virtually unavoidable, causing crisis in authority at state and local levels. Religious evangelism encouraged stronger spiritual education of young people. During the same time period, the advances of scientific information provided new, conflicting methods of learning. For this reason, children of educated classes were brought up in a world of competing models of knowledge advanced by churchmen and scientists, while the children of ordinary people were exposed to combinations of evangelical claims, folk wisdom, and the overpowering and repressive Reformation churches. Protestant and Catholic teachers tried to clarify and define the boundaries of official doctrine. Their interactions with the commoners caused serious tensions. Popular beliefs were judged as pagan. Evangelists tried to impose religious uniformity and eliminate groups or individuals who could not be brought into the mainstream Christianity. In particular, the office of the Holy Inquisition denied the lay people’s claims to spiritual powers in an effort to give all powers to the clergy. It was an attempt to take away the spiritual dimension of the lay people, medicine and science. The religious campaign to denounce magic and witchcraft helped prepare the ground for the late-seventeenth-century and eighteenth-century scientific claims that the cosmos was mechanized. In the modern age, science would undermine magical beliefs and reduce the spiritual influence of the clergy. The religious Reformation, together with the critical and undemocratic nature of Renaissance humanism, shattered the unity of intellectual thought, developments that were vital to the advancement of science. The discovery of new worlds and people and that the earth was round; the invention of movable type; the development of firearms and of a lens that improved the visibility of the stars and planets; improved mechanical clocks; and the development of shipbuilding and navigation opened up new intellectual perspectives and methods of discovery that relied increasingly on rational thinking rather than religion. Scientists made new claims to authority and objectivity, and began explaining the world in mechanical terms. Separating the observable world from the spiritual sphere represented a fundamental shift in thought. To see the world operating on basic principles discoverable by reason created hope that humans could control their environment, a change in attitude that helped pave the way for nineteenth-century industrialization.

Tattos Descriptive

Ana Castillo Mrs. Elliott English 11 9 October 2012 Descriptive Essay: Tattoos Tattoos are created by inserting colored materials beneath the skins surface. The skin is penetrated with a sharp too. Today colored ink and an electric needle are the material and instrument of choice. Today the practice is popular with a vast cross section of the population. Within the United States, tattoos can be found on anybody from gang members to fashion models. The word tattoo comes from the Tahitian word â€Å"tatu† which means â€Å"to mark something†. www. designboom. com) It is arguably claimed that tattooing has existed since 12,000 years BC. Around the year 1981, the first electric tattoo machine was registered by its inventor,Samual O’Reilly, at the United States Patent (it was based on a machine patented by Thomas Edison, but rather than using the tool as a means to embroider fabric, which Edison did, O’Reilly’s tattoo machine as meant to â€Å"embroider † skin). When O’Reilly invested this new machine he didn’t know the whirlwind he would help create in the next years (www. reillytattoo. com). Youth and adolescence is one of the most, significant and influential moments in everyone’s life, when the youth are seeking to identify who they are. Tattooing and body piercing are one of the many ways through which young people express their own unique identity. They are symbolic representations of how they are perceived. When you are young you are trying to find your identity. Most adolescents go through several transitions one of those is more than likely trying to be the cool guy/girl.But it is quite the opposite, because a piercing or tattoo is signifying certain changes in one’s life. It symbolizes adulthood, because you have to be 18 to get pierced or tattooed, or that appearing to be more grown up because you were able to make this life changing decision or just because you’re of the legal ag e and just randomly decided you wanted to get pierced or tattooed. Many people think that tattooing is dangerous. Part of this is because people don’t think that the tattoo artist sterilize their materials.Others believe that tattoos have a high risk of infection. And the most commonly reported problem are allergic reactions. Others feel as though the pain factor is too immense. Although these fears are common they are easily prevented. Most of the people who believe these things aren’t fully informed with information. The sterilization process for the materials used is extremely important. This reduces risks of several things including infection and disease.When people think of sterilization and risk factors concerning tattoos they have more concerns with disease then infection. This is because of the many myths that contracting AIDS or hepatitis B virus is likely. Many people do not know that there has been an actual reported case of contracting the aids virus is abo ut two drops, which is too much compare to the amount of blood on a non-sterilized needle. So, basically the odd of contracting aids is very rare (tattotemple. hk).Society has a tendency of negatively judging those who have tattoos or piercings. They are often stereotyped as bad people or even criminals. They are seen as lower than â€Å"clean† skin people even though you cannot judge someone’s inside based on their outside appearance. When people see an individual with â€Å"full sleeves† meaning someone with both or one arm fully tatted, a common comment that you might hear is, â€Å"I wonder what he/she works as, I bet you it’s a low wage paying job† or something similar.But next time you in for a visit with your doctor think about what you may not be able to see. They might have a tattoo, but you cannot see underneath their lab coat. Tattoos are simply a visual way of expressing your freedom of speech. Works Cited â€Å"A Brief History of Tatt oos† (2000-2010) http://www. designboom. com/history/tattoo_history. html Pang, Joey â€Å"Study At the Temple: Masterpiece Library† http://tattootemple. hk/history-of-tattooing O’Reilly, Samuels â€Å"Beginning Times† () http://www. oreillystattoo. com/OReillys_Tattoo_Parlour/Home. html

Law Enforcement Race and Domestic Calls

Law Enforcement Race and Domestic Calls Introduction In order to remain legitimate, citizens ought to have confidence in the criminal justice system. If these citizens think of the institution as trustworthy, just, and fair, then chances are that they will concede to it.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Law Enforcement Race and Domestic Calls specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Law enforcement is one of the most critical components of the criminal justice system because it interacts with almost all members of society. Ethnic minorities and poor people predominantly contact the government through the criminal justice system. It, therefore, makes sense for law enforcers to appear just to this group of people. When policemen act differentially or in a biased way against a member of society, then they send the message that the political and social system of the country is unreliable. It is imperative to study one aspect of police interactions with the public; dome stic calls, in order to determine whether such injustices exist. In this paper, it is hypothesis is as follows: law enforcement officials will respond quicker to domestic calls in a white neighborhood than calls from predominantly black neighborhoods because of the perception of repeated crimes in such areas. Literature review It is necessary to look at theoretical underpinning of crime in order to understand the context of the research hypothesis. Two theories are insightful in this analysis; they are the social disorganization theory and the conflict theory of criminology. The social disorganization theory postulates that crime rates will be high in areas with dysfunctional communal institutions and minimal communal relationships. Lack of strong communal ties minimizes people’s cooperative behavior and hence their ability to prevent criminal behavior.Advertising Looking for essay on public administration? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% O FF Learn More If a community engages its members in communal institutions such as schools, churches and family, then chances are that these people will have a strong bond with each other. Consequently, they are less likely to commit crimes against one another. Analysts often apply the theory to people in small geographical units such as neighborhoods or communities (Bursik, 1988). The social disorganization theory arose in the early 1900s and criminologists used it to explain high rates of crime in Chicago. At the time, numerous immigrants had entered the city and few of them associated with each other on the community level. Chicago, which had consisted of a peasant society, became a multicultural city. Inconsistencies and disorganization replaced the uniformity and harmony that existed in the peasant society. Individualism and economic competition disintegrated the family unit as well as other communal institutions. Since families were agents of social control in t he previously homogenous society, then the heterogeneous society undermined government control. As a result, crime and delinquency persisted in Chicago. It is possible for a certain area to experience high rates of crime irrespective of the racial or biological composition of the residents. In the social disorganization theory, social conditions perpetuate crime and delinquency. Such areas are disorganized and lack the mechanisms for reinforcing laws. In the absence of these controls, crime will thrive (Groves Sampson, 1989).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Law Enforcement Race and Domestic Calls specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More A number of researchers have studied the social disorganization theory in real-life settings. A case in point was a study done by Elijah Anderson. He summarized his findings in a piece known as the â€Å"Code of the Street†. The author studied an inner city African American community in Philadelphia. He found that a street code existed in this community, and there were sincere and insincere adherents of the phenomenon. Anderson (1999) explains that families in this community can either be ‘street’ or decent. Decent families hold mainstream values and inculcate the notions of self reliance and hard work among their family members. Nonetheless, they still teach their children how to behave in dangerous situations so as to protect themselves. Members of decent families will put on the street persona when faced with difficult situations so as to protect themselves from attacks. Conversely, street families orient their family members into a violent subculture. A high degree of disorganization exists among these families thus causing them to engage in self destructive behavior such as violence, alcoholism and drug abuse. These findings indicate that when a high degree of social organization exists, then crime will abound. Therefore, the study testifies t o the viability of the social disorganization theory. It will be useful to understand how the social disorganization theory relates to the effectiveness of police response to domestic calls in this study. One can use the theory to understand why law enforcers sometimes have a bias in this area of police work.Advertising Looking for essay on public administration? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The conflict theory of criminality is also quite useful in understanding criminality and hence police reactions to possible crimes. Karl Marx postulated that capitalist societies consist of two key groups; the working class (proletariat) and the elite (bourgeois). The resource owners always perpetuate their self interests by exploiting the masses. They control resources and use their positions of power to maintain the status quo. On the other hand, unequal distribution of resources causes members of the working class to become frustrated by the prevailing order thus prompting them to oppose the elite. A continuous conflict will always exist between the proletariat and the bourgeois because of this inequality. Crime manifests in capitalist societies because poor people need a method of survival; only minimal economic opportunities exist for the working class (Kelley, 2011). Additionally, Marxists believe that inequality alienates the poor from the rich and propels them into crime. Ma rxism and other conflict theories may also be used to explain why certain law enforcers behave the way they do. Adherents of this theory believe that the elite preserve the status quo by treating the law as an instrument. It is one of the many institutions (religion, education, and mass media) used to keep power among the ruling class. This is the reason why crimes committed by poor people solicit more severe punishments than those committed by the rich. Differential application of the law among members of a certain population perpetuates a hegemonic control of the masses. Biases in applications of law prove the existence of these hegemonies. For instance, only 2.7 % of all the Caucasians that law enforcers capture go to prison while an astounding 10.2% of blacks go through the same. There is a homogenous population in prison that preserves the status quo of the white majority. Additionally, white collar crime causes plenty of harm in society, but it do not solicit the same punitive actions from law enforcers as crimes committed by the working class. Even white collar crimes can be tax deduced once a judge passes the sentence. If a court fines an organization, it will often require only a small portion of its earnings and thus protect the interests of the company owners. For instance, it may pay a $1.8 million-fine yet company profits stand at $1.7 billion. Therefore, the punitive abilities of those fines are highly questionable. One may think of crime and deviance in a heterogeneous society as a consistent struggle between those in power and those outside the locus of control. Individuals in positions of authority will strive to expand their level of control over resources by defining the activities of others as deviant. Therefore, members in authority will always claim that others are a threat to the existing order. To the elite, the existing order is always the legitimate one. Matsueda and Drakulich (2009) carried out a study in which they wanted to build o n the conflict theory of social control. They analyzed African American’s perceptions of the criminal justice system and determined whether these perceptions undermine the legitimacy of institutions within the country. According to group conflict theories, the elite maintain control over subordinates through the legal system. Therefore, the biases, as dispensed through the criminal justice system, serve to disenfranchise economically-disadvantaged people continuously. The authors found that prejudices against African Americans exist, and these serve to damage the authenticity of such institutions. It is these racial injustices that cause many African Americans to support affirmative action as well as other liberal policies. Anderson (1999) further supports this notion in his analysis of a predominantly black neighborhood. The author states that institutional racism demoralizes African Americans and denies them opportunities for economic empowerment. Therefore, many of these c itizens choose crime (drugs and violence) in order to make financial gains that they would not have accessed had they tried mainstream society. Many African American drug dealers will enter the life of drug dealing in order to access material things and boost their status in society. In the conflict theory, deviance stems from the proletariat’s need for social mobility. This is the case with black youth in the ghetto. Many of them seek to strengthen their status by acquiring the money needed to buy fancy things. An economically disadvantaged group, such as the community under analysis, will often use deviant behavior in order to oppose the status quo (Anderson, 2002). Chambliss and Seidman (1982) further argue that the legal system serves an authoritarian order. Here, law enforcers have the work of implementing the law while politicians make it. Additionally, it is this authoritarian structure that causes deficiencies in the legal system. For instance, attorneys are the only ones who know most of the legal dialect in the law and this makes it inaccessible to the masses. Furthermore, appellate courts often make decisions that support the status quo. As a result, the elite will keep preserving their privileged positions through legal structures. It will be insightful to know how the conflict theory will relate to police reactions to callers. The theory will be useful in explaining why police are reluctant to respond to calls from predominantly black neighborhoods, if the bias exists. Additionally, the theory will contribute towards knowledge of the motivations for racial prejudice within the criminal justice system. Research findings Occurrences Police misconduct entails any act that abuses police authority, such as extortion, bribery, abuses, excessive force or failure to offer assistance to distressed callers. The latter situation is the subject of analysis in this paper. If police fail to act appropriately when a person calls for help, it is necessary to determine why they acted in such a manner. Several studies have looked into the issue of police misconduct and found that the behavior is likely to occur in neighborhoods with structural mobility issues. This can be easily explained through the social disorganization theory. Additionally, police misconduct may also stem from changes in the population; that is, racial bias (Kane, 2002). In fact, when these two factors exist in a certain location, then residents’ call for police help will not receive the much needed attention that it requires. The history of citizens and police interactions with one another has a large role to play in determining whether law enforcers will respond accordingly to a distress call from a black neighborhood. Anderson (1999) carried out his research in Germantown Avenue. He found that most residents did not trust the police owing to their indifference to their situations. Police helping behavior would dramatically reduce when in a predominantly b lack neighborhood. Some of the residents even reported cases of abuse from law enforcers who should have assisted them. For instance, instead of dealing with the matter at hand, police would ask them about unrelated issues such as the sale of drugs. Sometimes this would spiral out of control and lead to the arrest of a victim of a crime. Respondents in the latter study indicate that police were often present in the streets, but they did not have the residents’ interests at heart. The locals claimed that police officers have a low opinion of African American citizens, so they are less likely to assist them. Given this negative relationship between law enforcers and black citizens, it is safe to say that police response to African American domestic calls from black neighborhoods would be lackluster. A distinct difference exists between the provision of police services in black neighborhoods and white communities; law enforcers make these decisions based on the economic predispo sition of the residents as well as their racial composition. Brown and Coulter (1983) confirmed that an inequality exists in distribution of police services based on ethnicity. Sun and Payne (2004) further clarified that police do not act in the same way across all neighborhoods; their behavior changed according to their locations. The number of victims that received assistance in these locations was not as high as the number of incidences that occurred. Furthermore, citizens were likely to result to their own ways of seeking justice in these areas. Weitzer (2000) also found that racialized policing was a reality in predominantly black neighborhoods. The author compared police treatment of individuals across three neighborhoods in Washington DC. One neighborhood consisted of a predominantly lower class black community while the second one was a middle class white society. The third community was a middle class black community. Respondents gave their insights about how police treated them in relation to other communities. Weitzer (2000) found that the predominantly black, lower class community experienced racial bias from the police fraternity. If a member of the black community interacted with a police officer outside a black neighborhood, then police biases against them would disappear (Weitzer, 1999). Therefore, race becomes a problem in law enforcement when taking into account one’s neighborhood. The differential treatment of citizens by law enforcement officials can be manifested through the rate at which police respond to calls. Consequently, such variations prove that the research hypothesis in true. Racial composition and social-economic backgrounds of callers determine police reactions. It should be noted that the existence and extent of community policing in a certain neighborhood has adverse effects on how police respond to neighborhood calls. By its sheer nature, community policing represents a shift from reactive law enforcement to proactive work. Neighborhoods with a sound community policing strategy connect well with police and inform them about crimes before they occur. They have a strong relationship with police because police respond suitably when they call for help. Weitzer (2000) found that predominantly African American neighborhoods had poor relations with their police officers even when community policing existed. Study subjects stated that the police had no interest in engaging with them, and they were highly unwelcome. Such opinions from the residents stemmed from the fact that the police had failed to come through for them when they needed their help. Residents continually get negative feedback from police when they warn them about crimes (for instance through domestic calls), and this leads to resentment from them. It should be noted that these findings change dramatically when black officers enact community policing in predominantly black neighborhoods. Sun and Payne (2004) explain that differences in be haviors were present between black and white officers policing predominantly black neighborhoods. Findings indicated that black officers engaged in supportive activities when in black neighborhoods while white officers used more coercive tactics in these communities. As a result, one can assume that differential treatment of victims of crime is true, and this implies poor response during domestic calls. Theoretical explanations of police reactions to calls from African American neighborhoods In order to understand why the police behave so differently, it is necessary to look into the theoretical explanations of their behavior. Conflict theories indicate that people in positions of authority will act in a way that protects the interests of those in power. One can define a dominant group on the basis of economic status. Since American society largely consists of a white, middle class population, then poor, black citizens represent the opposite spectrum of those in power. When police r espond inadequately to domestic calls from low income, African American societies, they are protecting the interests of those in power. Wearing police uniform and belonging to the police fraternity gives many law enforcers a strong sense of identity, which tempts some of them to abuse their positions. One may thus perceive law enforcers as agents of social control (Chambliss and Seidman, 1982). In line with the above argument of social conflict, one may assume that unsatisfactory responses to domestic calls from African American callers stem from the lack of effective mechanisms for punishing racist behavior. The prevalence of a dominant race causes them to implement policies that preserve their place in the social hierarchy. Placement of mechanisms that deter racist behavior among police officers would undermine efforts designed to protect members of the dominant class. If proper disciplinary measures existed to correct such abuses of power, then the elite would no longer be signif icant. Police officers’ misconduct during call responses also stems from their perceptions of entities in control. Many law enforcers feel that the only genuine source of their authority stems from the majority, where they belong (Jacobs and O’Brien, 1998). On the other hand, police act discriminatorily during their response to distress calls owing to the social disorganization theory described in the literature review. Police may presume that predominantly black neighborhoods already have a high concentration of crime so their interventions will do little to change that. Consequently, this perception causes them to slow down their reactions to domestic calls. The temptation to do nothing or to act inappropriately is much higher in crime-prone neighborhoods than in neighborhoods without such incidences. Sampson and Bartush (1998) confirm these assumptions. They asserted that when the level of violent crime in a neighborhood became statistically insignificant, then poli ce indifference to residents also reduced to unusually low levels. This supports the notion that the police associate African American neighborhoods with a high degree of violence, and this makes it difficult to respond to them. It should be noted that Sampson and Bartusch (1998) do not support police biases; they were merely assessing perceptions and explanations for differential police behavior in divergent neighborhoods. One can look at this differential treatment by police using the opportunity model of social disorganization. In places where a high degree of crime already exists, it is likely that more opportunities for law enforcers’ misconduct exist. Neighborhoods with high crime rates often have a large proportion of police patrols. In fact, saturation patrolling is a common phenomenon in such locations. Police resident contacts are too frequent, and this often leads to friction between the two groups. This elevates the potential for hostile encounters between reside nts in high-crime neighborhoods. This means that when citizens need help, most of them will not find it from police officers. Law enforcers already have an abrasive attitude with them so this makes them less likely to help. Cases of over policing usually exist when law enforcers find the crimes. However, if local residents take the initiative to inform the police about these crimes, they are likely to receive a poor response. Additionally, because street crime is common in these neighborhoods, then police have more opportunities to act in a corrupt way. They can ignore calls for help and get away with it because of the degree of social disorder in those neighborhoods (Jacobs and O’Brien, 1998). Terrill and Reisig (2003) found that police tend to be more corrupt and inefficient in disadvantaged areas. Law enforcers are inefficient because of stereotyping members of low class African American communities as troublesome. Kane (2002) also makes a powerful argument when explaining why certain police officers fail to act satisfactorily after receiving domestic calls from predominantly black neighborhoods. Using the social disorganization theory, he explains that most of these residents lack the power to constrain corrupt or biased behavior. Residents in socially disorganized locations are powerless against abusive law enforcement. They do not have the capacity to lobby against police mistreatment, while residents in affluent or middle class neighborhoods know policy makers who can mobile against unethical police. As a result, police can get away with indifference against distressed callers from predominantly poor neighborhoods even when this behavior is continuous. Recommendations Police institutions need to take responsibility for their actions by being their own critics. They need to implement mechanisms for diagnosing inappropriate responses to domestic calls from African American neighborhoods, and find immediate remedies for them. Sometimes law enforcers are too quick to defend themselves or defend actions of their officers. It is necessary to have self critical measures that would eradicate this form of racism from the police. Since differential responses to callers emanates from power relations, then policemen need to be subjected to immense scrutiny in order to avoid the abuse of power. Regardless of the reasoning applied police should not respond differently to callers; this is an unjustifiable act that must be corrected. Some of the positive steps that police departments can take include establishments of an anti-racism policy and provision of training. An anti-racism policy should specifically talk about consistent and effective response to domestic callers. In precincts where a lot of divergent behavior towards white and black communities thrives, a Race Relations unit ought to be instated. The unit would solve conflicts when they arise. It would also provide information and mediate between those individuals who were victims of prejudiced behavior during phone calls. Additionally, the unit would furnish the precinct with the necessary information on the matter. Alternatively, such divisions can set up community relations units for handling these biases (Ungerleider, 1992). Aside from the use of reactive measures, to curb the practice, institutions ought to have preventive methods that would ensure police protect individuals irrespective of their economic status, race, or any other factor that causes bias. First, administrators can set up evaluation mechanisms that assess arrest rates from predominantly black neighborhoods. They should determine whether these arrests occurred because of additional crime or because of negative attitudes held by police officers. Such attitudes should be nipped in the bud before they manifest in poor helping behavior among black victims. Failure to do so could even lead to a high number of deaths among the group. Police divisions ought to change their hiring programs in or der to include members of diverse origins. Although this approach may not be the ultimate solution to racial biases in the police, at least it can be a useful tool for exposing officers to people of divergent origins. Daily associations with such members can cause many of them to alter their attitudes towards people who are different from them. When instating the program, racial quotas should be met in order to realize the benefits of such a strategy fully. Another preventive measure that should be employed by the police force is the implementation and improvement of community policing in predominantly black neighborhoods. As stated earlier, failed community policy can lead to resentment and disengagement between the police and residents. This breeds an attitude of indifference that becomes visible when citizens make domestic calls. Administrators should train police officers on how to carry out community policing effectively. Genuine engagement with residents should be the main poi nt of focus. Diversity management policies should be considered by those in charge in order to ascertain that racist behavior does not occur. Prevalence of a code of conduct in an institution should be implemented so that it can have a real impact on the group concerned (Ungerleider, 1992). Since some of the prejudices that police officers hold stem from the rest of society, then stakeholders should talk to the media about their approach to reporting crimes. When law enforcers arrest a member of an ethnic minority group, the media will often describe the suspect using the person’s racial identity, yet they do not do the same for white suspects. The use of these racially-based descriptions creates the perception that members of a certain race have criminal predispositions thus causing a bias in the public. These sentiments can rub-off on police officers who do their job based on these prejudices. Conclusion Studies support the research hypothesis; that police are slow to respo nd to domestic calls from predominantly black neighborhoods. They, however, respond quickly to domestic calls from predominantly white neighborhoods. The history of interactions between the police and members of predominantly black neighborhoods illustrates this. Police develop an attitude of indifference to these communities and are thus less prone to act when they get distress calls from them. Law enforcers also believe that such neighborhoods have a lot of repeat crimes, so they see no need to intervene in any situation hastily. Additionally, people in these neighborhoods have no ability to constrain or fight against corruption, so police can ignore their calls and get away with it. The country lacks institutions that can punish people with racist behavior. Consequently, some of them may engage in this behavior when getting distress calls and no authority will persecute them. Lastly, the police themselves perceive their positions to be powerful, and they also want to perpetuate t he interests of those they perceive as powerful. These reasons explain why officers handle calls from predominantly black neighborhoods improperly. Police divisions should alter the hiring programs and train their officers on how to respond to such calls consistently. Police departments should also enact evaluation policies on how police deal with cases from ethnic minorities. 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