Research Study Analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Research Study Analysis - Essay Example The testing method was deliberate. Members were recognized dependent on past research and reflections. The sources were welcome to take an interest in the wake of being educated about the idea of the investigation. The topic of the exploration was perceived as multidimensional. This is the motivation behind why various arrangements of surveys were planned - all concentrating on significant and different parts of the instructing involvement with request to exhaustively portray and address the exploration issue. While there were no eye to eye meetings, perceptions or center gathering conversation, a sum of five survey models were utilized to accumulate and assess encounters. These are the Teacher Stress Inventory (TSI), Negative Mood Regulation (NMR), COPE, Maslach Burnout Inventory Educators Survey, and Brief Symptoms Inventory. They were intended to quantify factors in zones of pressure, burnout, adapting, negative state of mind and misery. While the examination included no open-finished inquiry either, the study questions gave were completely intended to uncover profoundly point by point individual encounters and measure them. For example, respondents were approached to rate their reactions to things, for example, Did you feel desolate? or Did you grope keyed. These inquiries were posed after circumstances were given, which is predictable with the phenomenological method of depicting encounters, as a critical component in information social occasion and translation. The analysts built up their exploration worldview by presenting epistemological and axiological suppositions. This was accomplished when suppositions about pressure, burnout and adapting procedures were given. For instance, educators were explicitly recognized as the subject of the examination since they were expected to have increasingly troublesome work undertakings and, henceforth, would be progressively inclined to pressure and burnout. This was likewise featured with the way that the information was assembled from self-report surveys. What this

Liberalism Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Progressivism - Essay Example Liberalim I the summit of advancement in Wetern ociety that created an ene of the significance of human independence, a freedom of the person from complete ubervience to the gathering, and an unwinding of the tight hold of cutom, law, and authority. The liberation of the individual can be undertood an a novel accomplishment of Wetern culture, perhap it very trademark. (Necati , 1998, pp. 447-477) Liberalim alo get from the act of adverariality in European political and financial life, a proce in which intitutionalized rivalry uch a the opposition between various political partie in discretionary contet, among proecution and defene in legal method, or between various maker in a free-showcase economy-I ued to create a dynamic ocial request. Adverarial ytem have alway been precariou, in any case, and it set aside a long effort for the confidence in adverariality to rise up out of the more conventional view, detectable at leat to Plato, that the tate hould be a natural tructure in which the diverse ocial clae collaborate by performing ditinct yet correlative job. The conviction that opposition I an eential part of a political ytem and tha4 great government require a7vigorme Oppoiion wa 4all c/nideped drange in eop Edropean c/uft2ia in he Epl9 19th7centUry. (Ne#at( , 19, pp,7447-077) Each nati/N' lHike other polhtial octrind, lib%0al)m7i hig(ly enitiva 4k tIMe aNd bhpcumtance Each nati/N' liberalim I unique, and it ahange in every age. The hitorical improvement of liberAlii over late centurie ha been a development from mitrup of the taTe' overegnty on the ground that influence keep an eye on ba miue, to a willingne to ue the influence of government to address inequitie in the ditribution of riches reulting from a free-showcase economy. The expanion of government force and reponibility should by liberal in the twentieth century wa unmistakably oppoed to the constriction of government upheld by liberal a century sooner. In the nineteenth century liberal were commonly hopitable to the buine network, just to become hotile to it interet and aspiration for a great part of the twentieth century. In each cae, in any case, the liberal' inpiration wa the ame: a hotility to grouping of intensity that compromise the opportunity of the individual and keep him from acknowledging howdy potential, alongside a willingne to rethink and change ocial intitution in the light of new need. Thi willingne I temPered by an averioN to udden, cataclymic change, which I ghat et df thE diberal fpnm the7raical.7It I thi ve2y eagern%7to encjurage7ueful ch nge howeve2, that ditingUihe the liberal from 4he conErvativ. (Necati , 0998, pp. 447%477) L BeraL Interna4ional I the w/r(d federat)on/f lIberal political partie. Fo5n$ed in 194 it7ha7becoMe the pre-emInEnt .et/rk fOr 0romotijg liberaliM, trengtheninclib%rah part)E anD for theprmmotion of lhberal de-ocracy arouNd THe7world. Dhere are a .1mber of comMon rule w(ich join al, liberal partie brom frica, the AmerIca, Aia, and Europe; human rifhT, free7and reasonable eldction and muhtiparty-popular government, nciah judice, tolerancd, ocial advertise econgmy, free tr!de, ecological utainability and a trong ene of worldwide olidarity. Normally in the use of thee standard in various national circumtance there I diverity among liberal partie. All part cling to the organiation Manifeto'. (Necati , 1998, pp.

How Leading Companies Use Video Conferencing to Boldly Go Where They Havent Gone Before

How Leading Companies Use Video Conferencing to Boldly Go Where They Haven’t Gone Before With businesses becoming global, newer connectivity tools are increasingly being used to keep teams connected with one another. Video Conferencing has slowly and steadily earned its place amongst new online collaborative technology.According to PC Mag, Video conferencing  has been recognized among the top 5  collaborative  trends for the year 2016.  An Information Week analyst predicated in 2011 that 75% of enterprises will switch to video conferencing by 2013.This shows that video conferencing is a trend here to stay.Enterprises which aren’t utilizing video conferencing or using it to a limited extent are actually missing out on opportunities to connect with customers, vendors and partners on their preferred channel of communication and losing them to their rivals. © Shutterstock.com | Andrey_PopovIn this article, you will learn about 1) the major reasons to use video conferencing for business communication, 2) types of video conferencing, 3) what use cases are benefiting from video conferencing, and 4) things to consider before implementing video conference services in your business.TOP 6 REASONS TO USE VIDEO CONFERENCING FOR BUSINESS COMMUNICATIONGiven below are top six advantages of replacing one’s old business communication method with video conferencing:#1 Reduction in Travel DistancesThis is the prime factor that tips the scale in favor of video conferencing. It reduces the logistics, time, and human energy involved in frequent traveling to remote business locations. Partners, team members, customers can be briefed, negotiated with, taken into confidence easily through this tool. Video conferencing is also a way to lower the company’s carbon footprint.#2 Cost EfficiencyGlobal recession and budget cuts have increased the need for aust erity measures and effective resource allocation. Hence, businesses are able to cut costs like airfare, hotels and per diem expenses  and have greater Return on Investment (ROI) through using videoconferencing. Moreover, according to a survey by On24, a webcasting and virtual event provider, virtual training sessions are favored by 88% of executives as they are cost efficient.#3 ConvenienceOrganizing meetings and setting up of logistics in a physical conference room can be a huge hassle in terms of human energy and resources. In contrast, video conferencing tools allow organizers to set up a virtual conference room with lesser logistical resources and in lesser amount of time. Video conferencing also allows people located in different time zones to connect and collaborate easily. Likewise, telecommuting is convenient for employees and employer both.#4 Improved ProductivityVideo conferencing allows people to connect and collaborate irrespective of their geographic placement and time zone; hence, it improves productivity. According to a Frost Sullivan white paper, the ROI concept goes beyond tangible benefits like saving of money and takes into account the soft benefits like increased productivity, shortening of business processing and cycles and swift decision-making. According to the Polycom survey, 94% of the respondents laud video conferencing for its efficiency and productivity enhancement potential. It allows distributed teams the ability to work together synergistically for a common business goal. Likewise, video conferencing allows businesses to stay connected and continue during unforeseen circumstances like law and order situation, bad weather, flight delays, etc.#5 Easier Cross ConnectivityLast but not the least, with the advent of mobile technology, video conferencing has the unique capability to cross connect and seamlessly integrate different devices, such as desktops, tablets, or Android devices. It also seamlessly integrates different platforms such as Windows and OS X. This leads to a unified communication platform. The ability to connect from anywhere and through anything means that no one will face exclusion or isolation because of the incompatibility of devices, environment, or platform.#6 Giving Technology a Human FaceIn today’s world, success depends upon the ability of the business to build and nurture relationships with their employees, partners, vendors, and customers. Video Conferencing technology gives users the unique advantage to not only see one another but interpret facial expressions, body language and gestures through high-definition, life-sized images.Read on and learn about further reasons to use video conferencing for your business.[slideshare id=26705379doc=8reasonswhyyourbusinessneedsvideoconferencingebook-130930132131-phpapp02w=640h=330]TYPES OF VIDEO CONFERENCINGWith advancement of technology, video conferencing options have grown as well. These options depend upon the users’ individual needs, t he scope of collaboration and budget.Room Video Collaboration SystemIt’s a room video collaboration system that revolves around the needs of multiple users remotely collaborating in a huddled space or a medium sized conference room, boardroom or auditorium. The powerful camera gives a 360 degrees bird’s eye view of the entire conference room, track individual users in the room and zoom in on them. It contains features like viewable and clickable calendar events, content sharing and collaboration, IM, HD video clarity, allow joining in of users through drag and drop function.Executive Desktop Video Collaboration SystemExecutive desktop video collaboration systems are all-in-one video phones with built-in, integrated cameras with microphones and speakers that can also act as PC monitors. These units are placed at office desktops and are low priced. These systems allow easy and high quality content sharing. This collaboration system is suitable for remote team members and locations due to its ability to operate on lower bandwidth.Desktop Video ConferencingEquipped with microphone and web camera, it’s the most basic type of webcam, which is suitable for personal use. It allows two people to connect with each other, at any time, from their desk tops. It runs on a broadband network and is available at a fairly low cost.TelepresenceThe telepresence technology represents the most revolutionized form of visual communications. It creates an immersive, lifelike communication experience for teams working together virtually. A high-resolution illusion of a conference room is created where the participants at the other end of the video conference call appear to be present in the same conference room, sitting across the table.WHICH USE CASES ARE BENEFITING FROM VIDEO CONFERENCING?Video conferencing has made forays into various different industries and departments with technological advancement. Following are a few examples of use cases utilizing video conferencing for better productivity, efficiency, and austerity:Sales and MarketingIn today’s competitive world, sales and marketing teams face the most pressure in terms of attracting and retaining new customers and tapping into newer markets while keeping the cost to the minimum. Video conferencing enables marketers to develop and relay targeted campaigns to a specific market at a fraction of the cost. Likewise, video conferencing enables sales people to make cold calls to existing and potential customers, pursue newer leads at lower costs, and maintain and deepen relationships. One of Frost Sullivan’s whitepaper elaborates how video conferencing technology can be used to ‘cross-sell’ and ‘up-sell’ to potential customers.TelecommutingThe ability to telecommute allows more people to join the workforce and contribute productively to it. Sean Mallon, a Smart Data Collective contributor says that one out of five Americans have worked from home at some point in their careers, with a 13.5 % increase in their productivity. With video conferencing trend on the rise, this number is supposed to increase. Video conferencing lessens the feeling of isolation that remote team members may feel in a globally distributed work network. Video conferencing can be effectively used to provide frequent or on-demand support, timely interventions; thus, it increases retention. It allows enterprises to retain valuable employees and reduce turnover.EducationVideo conferencing enables trainers and learners to connect with global teaching and learning opportunities through virtual classes, which they couldn’t have accessed otherwise. It enables them to upgrade their skills constantly through on-job training via the distance learning mode. On the other hand, video conferencing has allowed educational campuses facing budget cuts to save costs and extend their reach globally through offering virtual classes. For instance, University of North Carolina and Highworth Grammar School are using Mo odle with its video conference features to combat budget cuts and save up to 52% costs. Video conferencing has also enabled research collaborations to take place among faculty members of different universities situated at far ends of the globe.LegalThe legal industry is using video conferencing facility to serve remote depositions, expedite the judicial process, and brief legal teams and partners. Jones Walker is an example of a firm, which has 17 offices across 8 states and 375 lawyers on board. The firm uses teleconferencing to hold group meetings on daily basis and conserve assets and time. AdventBalance, another law firm has been using video conferencing for sharing of information. It allows them to orient their lawyers with processes and systems without requiring them to come to the office.HR RecruitingVideo conferencing tools can also be used by a company’s HR to interview potential candidates and also take into account minute but important details like their body language, facial expression and ability to maintain eye contact. It also allows a firm to bring onboard freelancers, consultants and experts from various locations for remote collaborative ventures. Thus, video conferencing technology enables an enterprise to locate the best human resource and talent for its teams from around the globe. Microsoft is a leading company utilizing teleconferencing for global talent hunting.Team Building MeasuresGlobally distributed businesses have to deal with not only geographical distances but also lingual and cultural barriers. Nina Parker, the managing director of IVCI, feels that video conferencing promotes a sense of ‘community’ amongst geographically dispersed team members. Engaging and interactive meetings are used to connect with cross-functional teams, partners, collaborators and vendors at a short notice through video conferencing, irrespective of the geographic distance. Useful information is shared, intensive brainstorming sessions are held with multiple team members, problems are averted, conflicts are resolved and crucial decisions are taken in lesser amount of time.Customer Briefing CentersInteractivity often makes a critical difference to a business’s success. Customers and partners may often require frequent and timely briefs and updates regarding the status of a project or details about a new service or product. For instance, PC Connection, a New Hampshire based information technology company uses a virtual Customer briefing Center to interact with the customers about products and services. Video conferencing technology allows an enterprise to learn the evolving needs, expectations and changing requirements of customers and partners and brief them accordingly.THINGS TO CONSIDER BEFORE IMPLEMENTING VIDEO CONFERENCINGThere are multiple video conferencing tools available from the most basic to advanced level based on the users’ needs and budget. If you consider investing in a video conferencing tool for your enterpr ise, you should consider their suitability on the following factors:Secure ConnectionEnterprise level safety and security of business data and information is a major area of concern in utilization of any channel of communication. Users feel confident in knowing that their information is protected through access control and surveillance parameters and through data encryption during a video conferencing session. Therefore, one should opt for video conferencing solutions that have security certifications like SOC-II, FIPS 140-2 and US/EU Safe Harbor compliance.Accessibility Usability EaseThe success of any business software depends upon how accessible, scalable, simplistic in design and functional it is for the users. Administrators should make video conferencing tools easy to access  for teams by placing them in dedicated rooms or on personal desktops and even mobile phones. In order to make video conferencing truly popular and workable in one’s enterprise, it should be widely avai lable and not a prerogative of a select and privileged few, like the executives and CEOs. Booking schedules should be flexible and cheap or even free. Users can be encouraged to switch to the video conferencing alternative through orientation about its benefits and asking core users to lead the initiative and champion its cause. Meanwhile, training, orientation and support should be readily available.Cost EffectivenessEvolution of technology has allowed video conferencing solutions to become cost effective as well. Entry-level solutions range as low as $8 to $40 a month. Free trials are offered as well by few video conferencing firms, which can help an enterprise gauge the software’s suitability for its needs without investing a lot of money into it beforehand. The video conferencing solution should be scalable to growing needs of an organization without incurring high costs.Updating and Maintaining Video Conferencing EquipmentVideo conferencing equipment and peripherals should be maintained regularly and updated or upgraded as per need. Compatibility across platforms should be ensured. Likewise, internet connection should be reliable and bandwidth should be broad enough. Frequent breakdowns or bottlenecks can be frustrating and bring down productivity. They may also deter people from using the technology and let them revert to the old methods.Studying Feasibility before ImplementationBefore deciding to replace the old methods of communication for video conferencing, an enterprise should have a feasibility plan. It should comprise the following areas: assessment of types and frequency of interaction; frequency of traveling and distances; time, human, material resources and cost incurred during traveling; potential ROI arising from switching to video conferencing. Stakeholders, IT department and users must be taken into confidence before such a move.Being Realistic and Optimistic In Terms of ExpectationsOne must have realistic expectations from the video conf erencing tool. It is technology’s evolving frontier but has its limitations. It can’t replace traveling altogether, or replicate the human touch in its entirety. JISC’s videoconferencing guide advises: “Accept that videoconferencing won’t replace all face-to-face meetings and travel. Be prepared to look at new ways to enable amplified and hybrid events.”Last but not the least, it’s true that videoconferencing can’t replace a firm handshake or the warmth of a cup of tea taken together. Yet it lessens geographic distances, brings people together, allows them to communicate and collaborate for shared goals productively. Companies around the globe are becoming cognizant of the fact that opting for videoconferencing as a mode of communication is not just a way to reduce costs but also a way for them to do business communication in a better way.Thus, videoconferencing is a technology, which is shaping the way business communication is done and is a trend that is here to st ay.

Managing change, Qatar Telecommunications - OOREDOO case study Free Essay Example, 2500 words

Customer needs has been argued to be a major trigger for the need of change of management. Ian (2000) argued that an organisation that has to develop and maintain competitive advantage has to have clear mission of where it want to lead and develop strategies that would help it achieve its objectives including ways of managing changes require in achieving the objectives. The need for change management is supported the view of Hussey (2000) in that change is unpredictable and reactive may at times leads to organisational crisis if not managed. With the rise of Vodafone, business operations in the telecommunication sector changed as the company devised strategic ways of doing business and which enabled it capture a chunk of the market. Ooredoo did not see it coming until when it realised that Vodafone was slowly taking over the market. This led to Ooredoo in adapting to the reality of high competition and devised its own competitive strategies. Ooredoo is advantaged in that even before the rise of Vodafone, Ooredoo had already commanded a larger part of the market. We will write a custom essay sample on Managing change, Qatar Telecommunications - OOREDOO case study or any topic specifically for you Only $17.96 $11.86/pageorder now Besides, Ooredoo is backed by the government as the major shareholder (Ooredoo, 2014). In this regard, Ooredoo introduced significant changes especially on post-paid Shahry plans for mobile phones (Ooredoo, 2014). In addition, data allowances have also been increased for all plans. The plan to also have monthly charge for 4G services is seen as a strategy of retaining and attracting new customers. The strategy was aimed at counteracting the new low rates introduced by Vodafone and which was seen to advantage many subscribers. With such deliberations, it is indispensable to argue that Ooredoo’s need for change management has helped it stay in the course. Thus, improved services have been witnessed with the level of quality improving equally. Change in the systems perspective Ian, (2000) argued that organisational change is equated to system perspective either as an organic or a cybernetic model. In regard to organic model, change is viewed as a systematic adaptive response by the system to maintain its balance especially when subjected to a shifting environment. However, this model is viewed as a negative feedback by the system as it tries to strike a balance between the actual and desired conditions and the efforts put in reducing the disparity are critical for the maintenance of the balance of the system. In light of this, organisations can be viewed as systems in the organic model especially when confronted by situations that are not considered as desired situations, but in the actual sense, they are actual situations.

Team Behavior and Processes - 1467 Words

Team Behavior and Processes There are many important elements that effect how a learning team behaves and the processes that a learning team chooses to complete tasks and reach desired goals. The current learning team has established roles and responsibilities, time management skills, and decision making strategies that allow the team to work up to it s full potential. The learning team has maintained a level of trust and responsibility to one another that must exist in order for the team to remain successful Roles and Responsibilities The roles and responsibilities for a learning team should be identified within the first meeting (Thompson, 2000). When roles and responsibilities are established, it opens up the lines of†¦show more content†¦As mentioned previously, each team member has families, jobs and other outside obligations that take up a great deal of time in their day. These situations do not interfere with the team process because we have established deadlines that allow each member to complete and post assignments to the team newsgroup at different times but before deadline. This means that though we may have different schedules or various times during the day to work on given task, we will all attempt to have all individual tasks complete and ready to post by the agreed upon time. Some team members have the luxury of a personal computer at work. This means that during breaks or various times during the day, if time is management is proper, they can work on assignments for the team while on the job. Of course, not everyone has permission to work on personal tasks while on the job, but for those who do, it is a great advantage as far as time management is concerned. Other team members must wait until they are home to complete team tasks. This means that they must be extra careful when it comes to time management. Working on team tasks at home can be the hardest thing to do, especially for a single parent. There must be a very strict schedule put into place that allows these individuals to take care of their families while fulfilling the obligation for the team; however, if time is managed correctly, this will not pose a big problem. Even the most time conscienceShow MoreRelated Leadership and Groups: FMC Green River Essay1447 Words   |  6 PagesSituational Awareness Aberdeen has a great structure for the ability to create quickly various small work teams such as informal groups or self managed work teams that allow the group to focus on improving a specific process. At Aberdeen the small groups gather, choose their own leader, poll together ideas and come up with a solution to specific problem. Once a solution is found the team disbands. 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Answer for case study Free Essays

What factors favor this action? What factors stand in the way? Greensward’s plan for creating â€Å"global lock business† can be integrated with other parts of Black Decker’s business on a global scale. Firstly, he recommends that the international Group establish and take over the â€Å"on-the-ground† representation in foreign markets and at the same time, it should identify â€Å"local champions† in each of the lock factories. Second, he suggests establishing at Black Decker headquarters n Dotson, Maryland, a group product manager for hardware products within the International Division. We will write a custom essay sample on Answer for case study or any similar topic only for you Order Now Third, he also recommends establishing an â€Å"interception organization†. This department acts as a separate centre to facilitate, across all international casting, order placement, billing, forwarding expediting, and processing of export documentation for the lock business. This helps the company to be more effective to deal with the documentation of order and export. Moreover, this organization can also get the first hand marketing Information for analysis and forecasting. Such information includes the market segments and both the strength and weaknesses of competitors, which are very useful In promoting the growth of the future business. Factors that favor for his plan: Inside/ outside the market. Communication should be one of the factor stands In the way. Effective communication acts as a linkage between the headquarters and the local offices. When there Is no effective communication In one part of the hierarchy, the whole Truckee of the lock business will become fragments. For example, the global Issue Is downsizing from the Group Marketing Manager for hardware products to the Marketing development department and the five source business and at the same time, the Marketing development also formulate the strategies on product continuum to sources businesses based on the global Inputs. If the source department does not recognize the global Issue In advance, they will get confused what the Marketing development department Is doing. How to cite Answer for case study, Free Case study samples

Land Pollution and Its Effects Essay Example

Land Pollution and Its Effects Paper Land pollution Article Free pass land pollution, the deposition of solid or liquid waste materials on land or underground in a manner that can contaminate the soil and groundwater, threaten public health, and cause unsightly conditions and nuisances. Images The waste materials that cause land pollution are broadly classified as municipal solid waste (MS, also called municipal refuse), construction and demolition (CD) waste or debris, and hazardous waste. MS includes Nostradamus garbage, rubbish, and trash from homes, institutions (e. G. , schools), commercial establishments, and industrial facilities. Garbage contains moist and decomposable (biodegradable) food wastes (e. G. , meat and vegetable scraps); rubbish comprises mostly dry materials such as paper, glass, textiles, and plastic objects; and trash includes bulky waste materials and objects that are not collected routinely for disposal (e. G. , discarded mattresses, appliances, pieces of furniture). CD waste (or debris) includes wood and metal objects, wallboard, concrete rubble, asphalt, and other inert materials produced when structures are built, renovated, or demolished. Hazardous wastes include harmful and dangerous substances generated armorial as liquids but also as solids, sludge, or gases by various chemical manufacturing companies, petroleum refineries, paper mills, smelters, machine shops, dry cleaners, automobile repair shops, and many other industries or commercial facilities. We will write a custom essay sample on Land Pollution and Its Effects specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Land Pollution and Its Effects specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Land Pollution and Its Effects specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer In addition to improper disposal of MS, CD waste, and hazardous waste, contaminated effluent from subsurface sewage disposal (e. G. , from septic tanks) can also be a cause of land pollution. Soil consists of a mixture of unconsolidated mineral and rock fragments (gravel, sand, silt, and clay) formed from natural weathering processes. Gravel, sand, and silt are relatively coarse-grained bulky particles, while clay particles are very small and plantlike in shape and have a strong affinity for water. Gravel and sand formations are porous and permeable, allowing the free flow of water through the pores or spaces between the particles. Silt is much less permeable than sand or gravel, because of its small particle and pore sizes, while clay is virtually impermeable to the flow of water, because of its plantlike shape and molecular forces. The permeability of soil formations underlying a waste disposal site is of great importance with regard to land pollution. The greater the permeability, the greater the risks from land pollution. Until the mid-20th century, solid wastes were generally collected and placed on top of the ground in uncontrolled open dumps, which often became breeding grounds for rats, mosquitoes, flies, and other disease carriers and were sources of unpleasant odors, windblown debris, and other nuisances. Dumps can contaminate groundwater as well as pollute nearby streams and lakes. A highly contaminated liquid called leached is generated from decomposition of garbage and precipitation that infiltrates and percolates downward through the volume of waste material. When leached aches and mixes with groundwater or seeps into nearby bodies of surface water, public health and environmental quality are jeopardized. Methane, a poisonous and explosive gas that easily flows through soil, is an eventual by- product of the anaerobic (in the absence of oxygen) decomposition of putrescence solid waste material. Open dumping of solid waste is no longer allowed in many countries. Nevertheless, leached and methane from old dumps continue to cause land pollution problems in some areas. A modern technique for land disposal of solid waste involves construction and daily operation and control of so-called sanitary landfills. Sanitary landfills are not dumps; they are carefully planned and engineered facilities designed to control leached and methane and minimize the risk of land pollution from solid-waste disposal. Sanitary landfill sites are carefully selected and prepared with impermeable bottom liners to collect leached and prevent contamination of groundwater. Bottom liners typically consist of flexible plastic membranes and a layer of compacted clay. The waste material?MS and debris?is spread out, compacted with heavy machinery, and covered each day with a layer of compacted soil. Leached is collected in a outwork of perforated pipes at the bottom of the landfill and pumped to an on-site treatment plant or nearby public sewerage system. Methane is also collected in the landfill and safely vented to the atmosphere or recovered for use as a fuel. Groundwater-monitoring wells must be placed around the landfill and sampled periodically to assure proper landfill operation. Completed landfills are capped with a layer of clay or an impermeable membrane to prevent water from entering. A layer of topsoil and various forms of vegetation are placed as a final cover. Completed landfills are often used as public parks or playgrounds.

Commentary on Oscar and Lucind essays

Commentary on Oscar and Lucind essays Commentary on Oscar and Lucinda The passage from the novel, Oscar and Lucinda is a narrative, descriptive piece of writing describing in detail Oscars experience of visiting a glass factory/business. Oscar is surprised to discover beauty and wonder in the manufacturing process of glass; however this infatuation and deep admiration of glass could be a reflection of his admiration for the owner of the glass factory. The passage is written in third person, but readers engage in Oscars thoughts and feelings through the authors use of expressionism. Although Oscar and Lucinda was written in 1988, it is set in the past. This is apparent from the oxen droppings in the street as well as the fact that men are used to manufacture glass bottles and not machinery, man had made his body comply with the needs of manufacturing. The structure of the passage shows a noticeable change in imagery halfway through, from natural scenery to foul and dirty images of a factory. The passage starts with a lighthearted, humoristic tone. We are introduced to Oscar, as he is seen by other men. These men consider him to be an odd bird and they laugh at his comic figure, but not maliciously This conveys to readers, that Oscar is a likeable character with unusual ways, or just unique qualities. He is not like other men and this is accentuated even more by his movements or actions, he leaped across the puddle, waved an umbrella, jumped to avoid some oxen droppings. The image suggests, that he is a happy, lively person, however his behavior is slightly childish, and it is possible to assume that he is not very macho or manly. From line six onwards, the focus is directed on Oscar and his various feelings, the tone consequently becoming somewhat more serious. With the line Oscar felt he had opene...

The Top 5 Jobs in Every Major Industry in the West

The Top 5 Jobs in Every Major Industry in the West if you’re looking for a career change (or a change of scenery!), here are some of the fastest-growing jobs for 2016 in the far-western part of the u.s., per the u.s. bureau of labor statistics. this region includes alaska, arizona, california, hawaii, idaho, nevada, oregon, and washington. this region is unique because it includes some of the most disparate states in the union- states don’t come much different than alaska and arizona. but what they have in common is that they’re  all seeing strong growth in core industries.1. tech industry: web developerâ€Å"if you build it, they will come.† okay, so that was technically a ghost in a cornfield telling kevin costner to build a baseball field. but it’s just as relevant for the american west, where the beating heart of the tech world lives in seattle and san francisco’s silicon valley. one of the hottest positions in the pacific region, according to the robert half tech blog, web developers w ill continue to be in demand. web developers design, create, and maintain websites for companies or personal clients. in addition to designing, they also manage the day-to-day tech aspects of the site and work in different programming languages to update the sites.web developers typically have an associate’s degree or higher to start. the median salary is $63,490, and the projected growth is strong at 27%.2. service industry: meeting, convention, and event plannertourism is a key industry in the west, particularly in hubs like las vegas. meeting, convention, and event planners are responsible for organizing large-scale events like conferences and company meetings. they manage staffs and coordinate details like food and lodging, locations, and transportation. event planners typically have a bachelor’s degree, and experience in hospitality is a valuable skill to have, as well.the median salary is $46,490, and the field is expected to grow by at least 10% in the coming ye ars.3. logistics industry: emergency management specialistin a region of the country unfortunately prone to earthquakes, fires, and other natural disasters, complete emergency preparedness is essential. emergency management specialists manage logistics related to emergency planning and training teams for future events.the median salary for this position is $52,590, and california and oregon are among the highest-paying states for emergency management specialists. the field is expected to grow between 6-10%.4. healthcare industry: occupational therapistoccupational therapists are an essential part of recovery after injury, and also work with patients who have chronic illnesses or disabilities. they create treatment plans that include everyday living skills to help patients recover or develop the ability to function. the standard level of education for occupational therapists is a master’s degree, with additional certification licensing generally required by states.the median s alary is $78,810, and the field is expected to grow by 27%.5. restaurant industry: chefwe live in a foodie nation these days, and chefs and cooks are often at the front of the innovation line, with eclectic dishes inspired by local and ethnic cuisines. chefs may work in the traditional restaurant setting, but you’ll increasingly find them in other places as well: private homes, pop-up kitchens, and various hospitality venues. on-the-job training is key for chefs. no specific degree is required, but many chefs and cooks opt for formal culinary school training, and all must meet local food handling guidelines.the median salary is $41,610, and the field is expected to grow by at least 10%.no longer the wild west of old, the western region of the u.s. is a major source of innovation in all areas- and the job scene is just as fast-paced.

Causes and Effects of Climate Change Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Causes and Effects of Climate Change - Assignment Example According to the research findings, it can, therefore, be said that the stratosphere has been identified as an atmospheric layer which is essential for survival on Earth because it contains ozone gas (O3) which forms the ozone layer protecting the earth from ultraviolet radiations of the Sun. The depletion of this ozone layer can lead to the entry of these harmful radiations into the surface of the earth and these radiations have many harmful effects which range from DNA and RNA damage in humans to the disturbance of even the marine life. Thinning of this layer has been found to be associated with skin cancers, cataracts, and weakening of the immunity. It can damage the ecological balance because it will not only disturb marine life but there is evidence that it might even affect crops. The stratosphere is sensitive to atmospheric pollutants which include chlorofluorocarbons, chlorocarbons, and halon compounds. Because of increased environmental pollution and the emission of these ha rmful compounds into the atmosphere by the industries and other sources which include the emissions from cars, refrigerators, air conditioners and aerosols, the stratospheric ozone has been depleting gradually. The reason behind this is that these gases react with the ozone gas and initiate a cascade which destroys numerous ozone molecules. The greenhouses gases constitute less than one percent of the atmosphere. They include carbon dioxide, ozone, and water vapor. Thirty percent of the solar energy is reflected back before it even enters the last surface of the earth and a significant amount of energy that reaches the earth is also reflected back. This energy is the infrared radiation. This radiation is taken up by the greenhouse gases before it escapes the troposphere thus leading to a warming effect which is known as the greenhouse effect.

Ethics and Corporate Social Responsibility a Case Analysis of Enron Essay

Ethics and Corporate Social Responsibility a Case Analysis of Enron - Essay Example 2. An evaluation of the potential role of corporate social responsibility in saving Enron in line with the criticisms of CSR by Friedman and Barry. 3. An assessment of whether Enron should have favoured some stakeholders ahead of others or not. 4. An evaluation of whether codes of conducts and stated core values have an effect on a business or not. Question 1 The Role of the CEO in the Enron Scandal This portion of the research examines whether Enron chief, Kenneth Lay acted immorally or not. In order to examine the issue well, the paper would use a broad range of assessment of morality to identify whether actions of Lay were appropriate or not. Each of these issues would be examined critically. Dominant and Unfettered Power and Control It is apparent that Kenneth Lay had dominant and unfettered powers and control over activities of Enron. This is because he had stayed in power for a very long time and had a lot of control in decision making. Although this in itself is not immoral, i t created the impetus for a lot of immoral and amoral activities to be carried out by Lay in conjunction with his fellow managers and directors. Ideally, a business needs to have some kind of control and checks to ensure that managers do not abuse the system (Crawford, 2006 p114). This reason justifies the need for the establishment of an Independent Board of Directors and a Management team. Again, the board needs to be headed by a person who is different from the CEO in order to create an ideal situation where no one in the top hierarchy can get uncontrolled power over the activities of the company. In the case of Kenneth Lay, he was the CEO and the Chairman of the Board of Enron for 17 years and had unfettered powers which contributed to a lot of wrongs in the company. Disregard for Core Principles Kenneth Lay stated that the core principles of Enron were communication, respect, integrity, and excellence. However, there is strong evidence that he led the company to override the ve ry standards he set and the system that was meant to safeguard the implementation of those standards. George and Jones identify that overriding standards and principles means disregard of rules and regulations for reasons that are not consistent with the best interest of the business (2009). As such, there is evidence that Kenneth Lay did things that undermined the core guiding principles that he set for Enron. First of all, he claimed that communication was key. However, there were major reporting issues in Enron that led to its collapse. Secondly, he claimed that respect was a key principle. However, it is apparent that some stakeholder groups like employees were given tough treatments and their rights were blatantly disregarded. Thirdly, Enron claimed to seek integrity but in reality, they had serious issues with truthfulness and the attempt to disguise the reality in its financial situation to maintain a positive image with the public and other stakeholders. Finally, Enron state d that they sought excellence. Although they might have been a leading business at some point in their history, they used unsustainable systems and structures to attain this end. This led to major long term issues which culminated in the collapse of the company. Since Kenneth Lay had extensive powers to ensure that the core principles that he had outlined would be honoured and he failed to do so, there is a major

Secundum Atrial Septal Defect: Surgical Closure

Secundum Atrial Septal Defect: Surgical Closure Surgical closure of secundum atrial septal defect in a patient with atrial situs solitus and interrupted inferior vena cava: report of 2 cases Key Words: Interrupted inferior vena cava, Situs solitus, Atrium septal defects, limited skin incision Abstract The occurrence of an interrupted inferior vena cava (IVC) in setting of atrial situs solitus is relatively rare. Here, we reported two cases of the surgical closure of secundum atrium septal defects (ASDs) in patients with atrial situs solitus and an interrupted IVC. The first case was a 7-year-old boy with a secundum ASD without the posterior rim whose interrupted IVC and azygos continuation had been preoperatively diagnosed by the echocardiography and cardiac catheterization. The operation was safely performed using a large-sized venous drainage cannula from the superior vena cava (SVC). The second case was a 2-year-old boy with a secundum ASD without the superior rim whose interrupted IVC was not diagnosed at the preoperative examination. The operation was performed through a median partial sternotomy via a 5.0cm limited skin incision, so direct inspection of the SVC was not clearly obtained. A cardiopulmonary bypass was established using the recommended size of venous drainage ca nnulae; however, the SVC could not be removed without elevating the SVC pressure. As a result, the ASD was closed directly under sucking the venous return from the SVC without snaring it. Post-operative computed tomography detected an interrupted IVC with azygos continuation and a persistence of both supracardinal veins, known as a double IVC. Introduction Whereas an interrupted inferior vena cava (IVC) because of the absence of its hepatic segment is mainly noted in patients with heterotaxy syndrome, the occurrence of an interrupted IVC within the atrial situs solitus is reported as ranging from 0.08 to 0.1% [1,2,3]. In these patients, cardiac malformations are frequently associated, and the main types of abnormalities include atrial septal defects (ASDs, 10.5 %) and ventricular septal defects (7.5 %) [1]. Although this systemic venous anomaly provides no symptoms by itself, it seems to be relevant in cardiac surgery, especially in procedures that require approaches through the right atrium. Here, we reported two cases of the surgical closure of secundum ASD in patients with atrial situs solitus and interrupted IVC, focusing on perioperative findings and associated issues. Case Case 1 A clinically asymptomatic 7-year-old boy (body weight, 22 kg; height, 125 cm) with an ASD secundum, which was detected at the age of 10 months, was admitted for surgical closure of the lesion. Device ASD closure by catheter intervention was contraindicated because of the absence of the posterior rim. Preoperative echocardiography revealed an atrial sinus solitus with an 18 by 21-mm ASD secundum without the posterior rim and relative valvular pulmonary stenosis. Also, interrupted IVC was suspected because drainage of the IVC into the right atrium was not detected. Cardiac catheterization to assess the indication for surgical pulmonary valvotomy showed a systemic and pulmonary blood flow ratio of 3.14 and pull-buck pressure gradient of 10 mmHg from the right ventricle to the main pulmonary artery. Furthermore, no hepatic segment of the IVC was detected; thus, an interrupted IVC with azygos continuation was confirmed (Fig. 1). Through the median full sternotomy, a cardiopulmonary bypass was established using arterial cannulation through ascending aorta perfusion with a 16-Fr cannula and venous drainage from the superior vena cava (SVC) and the hepatic vein using 28 and 20 Fr cannulae, whereas recommended cannulae sizes were 20 and 24 Fr, respectively. The ASD secundum was closed directly through the right atriotomy under moderate hypothermia and cardioplegic arrest. The operation was completed without any issues. Case 2 A clinically asymptomatic 2-year-old boy (body weight, 10 kg; height, 81 cm) had recently been diagnosed with a large ASD secundum without the superior rim. Further examination revealed an atrial sinus solitus, an 18 by 18-mm ASD secundum without the superior rim, and a bicuspid aortic valve. However, an interrupted IVC was not diagnosed. Through a median partial sternotomy via a limited skin incision (50mm in length), a cardiopulmonary bypass was established using arterial cannulation through ascending aorta perfusion with a 12-Fr cannula and venous drainage from the SVC and hepatic vein, although it was thought to be an IVC at that time, using the recommended sizes of 16 and 18 Fr cannulae. During the surgery, the SVC was attempted to be snared, but it could not be because of the elevating SVC pressure. The depth of cannula and the location of snaring were repeatedly changed without resolving this issue; therefore, the SVC was left without being snared. The ASD secundum was closed directly under moderate hypothermia and cardioplegic arrest with sucking the venous return from the SVC. Weaning off from cardiopulmonary bypass was uneventful, and the operation was completed without any issues. Post-operative computed tomography showed an interrupted IVC with azygos continuation and a persistence of both supracardinal ve ins, known as double IVC (Fig. 2). On medical check-up at the outpatient clinic one year after discharge, advanced sick sinus syndrome was detected by electrocardiography. 24-Hour Holter electrocardiography monitoring showed that the total number of heartbeats was 142,036 per day, 8 beats of isolated premature atrial contractions, and had no evidence of premature ventricular contractions or more than 2.5 seconds of sinus pose. Discussion Like the first presented case, an interrupted IVC with azygos continuation can usually be diagnosed by preoperative echocardiography [1], which can be easily treated at the establishment of a cardiopulmonary bypass by selecting adequately-sized venous cannulae. If it is not preoperatively diagnosed, direct intra-operative inspection usually makes the diagnosis possible. However, the cosmetic outcome must be taken into consideration during surgical ASD repair as well as secure defect closure after the popularization of percutaneous device closure, like in the second case. Therefore, a limited skin incision with partial sternotomy was selected for this patient, which unfortunately interrupted clear observation of the SVC. Selection of large sized SVC drainage cannula should have been considered first during inadequate venous drainage, however, which was deferred because the total cardiopulmonary bypass was easily established as long as the SVC was not snared. As is our policy, the IVC is not snared during the closing of the ASD secundum in order to obtain a certain identification of the posterior rim. Therefore, the tip of the IVC drainage cannula was positioned at the IVC around the right atrial junction for sufficient drainage of both the IVC and hepatic venous blood flow. As a result, such a maneuver enabled the establishment of a total cardiopulmonary bypass with small-sized SVC drainage cannula and eventually large â€Å"hepatic vein† cannula. As shown in Case 2, an anomalous IVC is known to accompany various rhythm disorders, though only a few cases have been reported [4,5]. One of the causes of rhythm disorders is the degeneration of the atrial muscle around the sinus node, which might occur as a result of a local volume overload on the sinus node by the presence of azygos continuation. Although the total number of heart beats was well maintained and more than 2.5 seconds of a sinus pose was not observed until now, a scheduled follow-up was mandatory for early detection of further advancement of the sinus node dysfunction. In summary, two surgical experiences of secundum ASD associated with an interrupted IVC with azygos continuation were reported. Under partial sternotomy via limited skin incision, precautions should be taken to detect the presence of this venous anomaly if venous drainage from the SVC is not adequately obtained using cannula of the recommended size.

Kobe Bean Bryant Essay

Kobe Bean Bryant nicknamed the â€Å"Black Mamba† is a professional basketball play who plays in the National Basketball Association (NBA). He was born on August 23, 1978. He was drafted right out of high school to play for the Charlotte Hornets, but soon was traded to the Los Angeles Lakers, never playing in Charlotte. Bryant is a five-time champion with the Lakers and a two-time Olympic gold medalist with the USA national team. Bryant was born on August 23 in Philadelphia. Bryant was named after a Japanese steakhouse. He is son of a former NBA player Joe â€Å"Jellybean† Bryant. After the elder Bryant finished his NBA career he took his family overseas where he played in an Italian league. Growing up in Italy where soccer was the most popular sport Bryant grew up loving two sports. He would stay all day playing soccer on the pavement fields all day, then after all the kids went home he worked on perfecting his mid-range jumper. Kobe later returned to Philadelphia where he played in high school with Lower Merion High School. Eyeing the NBA he workout with the nearby NBA team the Philadelphia 76ers. Kobe decided to skip college and head straight to the NBA. He was drafted by the Charlotte Hornets and subsequently traded to the Los Angeles where his career ignited. (Biography.com/Kobe Bryant). Kobe Bryant career did not take long to start in a good manner. In his second year in the NBA as a shooting guard, at the age of 19, he was voted to play in the NBA’s all-star game, becoming the youngest player to appear in the game. Later with the help of Shaquille O’neal the Lakers won three consecutive championships in 2000, 2001, 2002. As he reached the prime of his career without Shaq he had some lackluster season as his team didn’t even nearly compete at the level Kobe was. He was outstanding on January 22, 2006 he scored 81 points and achieving the second highest scoring game in NBA history, only second to Wilt Chamberlain’s 100 point game. Although his race for a title was not yet over in 2008 he linked up with seven footer Pau  Gasol reaching to the NBA finals. They did not win that year but the following year they did in 2009. In 2010 their season was just as great reaching to the NBA finals for a third straight time as Kobe was leading the way . They met their arch rivals again in the games most important stage. They beat the Boston Celtics in a thrilling seven game series. Kobe was named Finals MVP for both of the seasons that they had won the NBA championship. He is now a five-time NBA champion and is still seeking more titles. In the 2013 season he became the youngest player to reach 30000 points at the age of 34. Kobe Bryant is one of the greatest basketball player to ever play the game and will one day be a Hall of Famer. Kobe Bryant has a foundation, â€Å"The Kobe and Vanessa Bryant Family Foundation†, that is dedicated to improving the lives of youth and families in need, both domestically and globally. By providing financial resources and developing unique programs, the foundation strives to strengthen communities through educational and cultural enrichment opportunities. Kobe Bryant is admired by the NBA fans all over the world. They love the excitement he brings to game with his incredible clutch shots and amazing plays. Kobe is also admired for the help he brings to the less fortunate. By helping the financially or educationally. Overall Kobe Bean Bryant is someone you could look up to on and off the court.

Russian Days of the Week Usage and Examples

The week in Russian follows the same order as the English week, beginning with Monday. Russian days of the week are never capitalized and, just like all other Russian nouns, each has either feminine, masculine, or neutral gender. They also decline based on the case they are in. Russian Word Translation Pronunciation Example Ð ¿Ã ¾Ã ½Ã µÃ ´Ã µÃ »Ã'Å'Ð ½Ã ¸Ã º masculine Monday puhnyDYEL'nik Ðâ€"Ð °Ã ²Ã'‚Ã'€Ð ° Ð ¿Ã ¾Ã ½Ã µÃ ´Ã µÃ »Ã'Å'Ð ½Ã ¸Ã º - Tomorrow is Monday. Ð ²Ã'‚Ð ¾Ã'€Ð ½Ã ¸Ã ºmasculine Tuesday FTORnik ÐÅ"Ã'‹ Ð ¿Ã'€Ð ¸Ã µÃ ´Ã µÃ ¼ Ð ²Ã ¾ Ð ²Ã'‚Ð ¾Ã'€Ð ½Ã ¸Ã º - We will arrive on Tuesday. Ã' Ã'€Ð µÃ ´Ã °feminine Wednesday sryDAH Ð ¡Ã'€Ð µÃ ´Ã ° - Ã' Ã µÃ'€Ð µÃ ´Ã ¸Ã ½Ã ° Ð ½Ã µÃ ´Ã µÃ »Ã ¸ - Wednesday is the middle of the week. Ã'‡Ð µÃ'‚Ð ²Ã µÃ'€Ð ³masculine Thursday chitVYERK/chtVYERK Ð £ Ð ²Ã'€Ð °Ã'‡Ð ° Ð ¿Ã'€Ð ¸Ã µÃ ¼ Ð ¿Ã ¾ Ã'‡Ð µÃ'‚Ð ²Ã µÃ'€Ð ³Ã °Ã ¼ - The doctor sees patients on Thursdays. Ð ¿Ã' Ã'‚Ð ½Ã ¸Ã'†Ð °feminine Friday PYATnitsuh Ð ¯ Ð ¸Ã'… Ð ²Ã ¸Ã ´Ã µÃ »Ã ° Ð ² Ð ¿Ã ¾Ã ·Ã °Ã ¿Ã'€Ð ¾Ã'ˆÐ »Ã'Æ'Ã'Ž Ð ¿Ã' Ã'‚Ð ½Ã ¸Ã'†Ã'Æ' - I saw them on Friday before last. Ã' Ã'Æ'Ð ±Ã ±Ã ¾Ã'‚Ð °feminine Saturday suBOHtuh Ð Ã °Ã ·Ã ½Ã °Ã'‡Ð µÃ ½Ã ¾ Ð ½Ã ° Ã' Ã'Æ'Ð ±Ã ±Ã ¾Ã'‚Ã'Æ' - It is arranged for Saturday. Ð ²Ã ¾Ã' Ã ºÃ'€Ð µÃ' Ã µÃ ½Ã'Å'Ð µneuter Sunday vuhskrySYEN'ye Ð’ Ð ²Ã ¾Ã' Ã ºÃ'€Ð µÃ' Ã µÃ ½Ã'Å'Ð µ Ã'  Ð ²Ã'‹Ã' Ã ¿Ã »Ã'ŽÃ' Ã'Å' - I'll catch up on my sleep on Sunday. Using Prepositions With Russian Days of the Week Ð ²/Ð ²o and Ð ½Ã ° - on (Accusative Case) The preposition Ð ²/Ð ²o means on and is used to indicate that something happens on a certain day. The preposition Ð ½Ã ° also means on but is used in situations where an appointment or an event is planned for a particular day. Ð’/Ð ½Ã ° Ð ¿Ã ¾Ã ½Ã µÃ ´Ã µÃ »Ã'Å'Ð ½Ã ¸Ã º - on/for MondayÐ’Ð ¾/Ð ½Ã ° Ð ²Ã'‚Ð ¾Ã'€Ð ½Ã ¸Ã º - on/for TuesdayÐ’/Ð ½Ã ° Ã' Ã'€Ð µÃ ´Ã'Æ' - on/for WednesdayÐ’/Ð ½Ã ° Ã'‡Ð µÃ'‚Ð ²Ã µÃ'€Ð ³ - on/for ThursdayÐ’/Ð ½Ã ° Ð ¿Ã' Ã'‚Ð ½Ã ¸Ã'†Ã'Æ' - on/for FridayÐ’/Ð ½Ã ° Ã' Ã'Æ'Ð ±Ã ±Ã ¾Ã'‚Ã'Æ' - on/for SaturdayÐ’/Ð ½Ã ° Ð ²Ã ¾Ã' Ã ºÃ'€Ð µÃ' Ã µÃ ½Ã'Å'Ð µ - on/for Sunday Examples: Ð’Ã' Ã'‚Ã'€Ð µÃ'‡Ð ° Ã' Ã ¾Ã' Ã'‚Ð ¾Ã ¸Ã'‚Ã' Ã'  Ð ² Ã' Ã'€Ð µÃ ´Ã'Æ'.Pronunciation: VSTREcha sastaEETsa f suBBOtu.Translation: The meeting will take place on Wednesday. Ð’Ã' Ã'‚Ã'€Ð µÃ'‡Ð ° Ð ½Ã °Ã ·Ã ½Ã °Ã'‡Ð µÃ ½Ã ° Ð ½Ã ° Ã' Ã'€Ð µÃ ´Ã'Æ'.Pronunciation: VSTREcha nazNAchyna na SRYEdu.Translation: The meeting is arranged for Wednesday. Ã' /Ã' Ã ¾ - From, Since (Genitive Case) and Ð ´Ã ¾ - Until (Genitive Case) Ð ¡/Ð ´Ã ¾ Ð ¿Ã ¾Ã ½Ã µÃ ´Ã µÃ »Ã'Å'Ð ½Ã ¸Ã ºÃ ° - from / since / until MondayÐ ¡/Ð ´Ã ¾ Ð ²Ã'‚Ð ¾Ã'€Ð ½Ã ¸Ã ºÃ ° - from/since/until TuesdayÐ ¡/Ð ´Ã ¾ Ã' Ã'€Ð µÃ ´Ã'‹ - from/since/until WednesdayÐ ¡/Ð ´Ã ¾ Ã'‡Ð µÃ'‚Ð ²Ã µÃ'€Ð ³Ã ° - from/since/until ThursdayÐ ¡/Ð ´Ã ¾ Ð ¿Ã' Ã'‚Ð ½Ã ¸Ã'†Ã'‹ - from/since/until FridayÐ ¡/Ð ´Ã ¾ Ã' Ã'Æ'Ð ±Ã ±Ã ¾Ã'‚Ã'‹ - from/since/until SaturdayÐ ¡/Ð ´Ã ¾ Ð ²Ã ¾Ã' Ã ºÃ'€Ð µÃ' Ã µÃ ½Ã'Å'Ã'  - from/since/until Sunday Example: ДÐ ¾ Ð ²Ã ¾Ã' Ã ºÃ'€Ð µÃ' Ã µÃ ½Ã'Å'Ã'  Ð ¿Ã' Ã'‚Ã'Å' Ð ´Ã ½Ã µÃ ¹.Pronunciation: da vaskrySYENya PYAT DNYEY.Translation: It is five days until Sunday. Ð ¿Ã ¾ - Until, Including (Accusative Case) ПÐ ¾ Ð ¿Ã ¾Ã ½Ã µÃ ´Ã µÃ »Ã'Å'Ð ½Ã ¸Ã º - until/including/to MondayПÐ ¾ Ð ²Ã'‚Ð ¾Ã'€Ð ½Ã ¸Ã º - until/including TuesdayПÐ ¾ Ã' Ã'€Ð µÃ ´Ã'Æ' - until/including WednesdayПÐ ¾ Ã'‡Ð µÃ'‚Ð ²Ã µÃ'€Ð ³ - until/including ThursdayПÐ ¾ Ð ¿Ã' Ã'‚Ð ½Ã ¸Ã'†Ã'Æ' - until/including FridayПÐ ¾ Ã' Ã'Æ'Ð ±Ã ±Ã ¾Ã'‚Ã'Æ' - until/including SaturdayПÐ ¾ Ð ²Ã ¾Ã' Ã ºÃ'€Ð µÃ' Ã µÃ ½Ã'Å'Ð µ - until/including Sunday Example: Ð ¡ Ð ¿Ã ¾Ã ½Ã µÃ ´Ã µÃ »Ã'Å'Ð ½Ã ¸Ã ºÃ ° Ð ¿Ã ¾ Ð ¿Ã' Ã'‚Ð ½Ã ¸Ã'†Ã'Æ' Ã'  Ã'…Ð ¾Ã ¶Ã'Æ' Ð ½Ã ° Ã'€Ð °Ã ±Ã ¾Ã'‚Ã'Æ'.Pronunciation: s panyDYELnika pa PYATnicu ya haZHOO na raBOtuTranslation: From Monday to Friday I go to work. Ð ¿Ã ¾ - on (Plural, Dative Case) ПÐ ¾ Ð ¿Ã ¾Ã ½Ã µÃ ´Ã µÃ »Ã'Å'Ð ½Ã ¸Ã ºÃ °Ã ¼ - on MondaysПÐ ¾ Ð ²Ã'‚Ð ¾Ã'€Ð ½Ã ¸Ã ºÃ °Ã ¼ - on TuesdaysПÐ ¾ Ã' Ã'€Ð µÃ ´Ã °Ã ¼ - on WednesdaysПÐ ¾ Ã'‡Ð µÃ'‚Ð ²Ã µÃ'€Ð ³Ã °Ã ¼ - on ThursdaysПÐ ¾ Ð ¿Ã' Ã'‚Ð ½Ã ¸Ã'†Ð °Ã ¼ - on FridaysПÐ ¾ Ã' Ã'Æ'Ð ±Ã ±Ã ¾Ã'‚Ð °Ã ¼ - on SaturdaysПÐ ¾ Ð ²Ã ¾Ã' Ã ºÃ'€Ð µÃ' Ã µÃ ½Ã'Å'Ã' Ã ¼ - on Sundays Example: ПÐ ¾ Ã' Ã'Æ'Ð ±Ã ±Ã ¾Ã'‚Ð °Ã ¼ Ð ¾Ã ½Ã ¸ Ð »Ã'ŽÐ ±Ã ¸Ã »Ã ¸ Ð ³Ã'Æ'Ð »Ã' Ã'‚Ã'Å' Ð ¿Ã ¾ Ð ³Ã ¾Ã'€Ð ¾Ã ´Ã'Æ'.Pronunciation: pa suBBOtam aNEE lyuBEEli gooLYAT pa GOradu.Translation: On Saturdays, they liked to go walking around the city. Abbreviations Russian days of the week are often shortened in writing (such as calendars or diaries) using the following abbreviations: ПÐ ½ - MondayÐ’Ã'‚ - TuesdayÐ ¡Ã'€ - WednesdayÐ §Ã'‚ - ThursdayПÃ'‚  - FridayÐ ¡Ã ± - SaturdayÐ’Ã'  - Sunday Russian Vocabulary for Scheduling and Planning Russian Word Translation Pronunciation Example Ð ¡Ã µÃ ³Ã ¾Ã ´Ã ½Ã'  Today syVODnya Ð ¡Ã µÃ ³Ã ¾Ã ´Ã ½Ã'  Ð ²Ã'‚Ð ¾Ã'€Ð ½Ã ¸Ã º - Today is Tuesday. Ðâ€"Ð °Ã ²Ã'‚Ã'€Ð ° Tomorrow ZAVTruh ДÐ ¾ Ð ·Ã °Ã ²Ã'‚Ã'€Ð ° - Until tomorrow./See you tomorrow. Ð’Ã'‡Ð µÃ'€Ð ° Yesterday fchyeRAH Ð’Ã'‡Ð µÃ'€Ð ° Ã'ˆÐ µÃ » Ã' Ã ½Ã µÃ ³ - Yesterday it snowed. Ð Ã °(Ã' Ã'‚Ð ¾Ã ¹) Ð ½Ã µÃ ´Ã µÃ »Ã µ During the week na (Etay) nyDYEly Ðâ€"Ð °Ã ¹Ã ´Ã ¸Ã'‚Ð µ Ð ½Ã ° (Ã' Ã'‚Ð ¾Ã ¹) Ð ½Ã µÃ ´Ã µÃ »Ã µ - Pop in this week. Ð Ã ° Ã' Ã »Ã µÃ ´Ã'Æ'Ã'ŽÃ'‰Ð µÃ ¹ Ð ½Ã µÃ ´Ã µÃ »Ã µ Next week na SLYEdushey nyDYEly Ð ¯ Ã'Æ'Ð µÃ ·Ã ¶Ã °Ã'Ž Ð ½Ã ° Ã' Ã »Ã µÃ ´Ã'Æ'Ã'ŽÃ'‰Ð µÃ ¹ Ð ½Ã µÃ ´Ã µÃ »Ã µ (ya ooyezZHAyu na SLYEdushey nyDYEly) - I am leaving next week. Ð Ã ° Ð ¿Ã'€Ð ¾Ã'ˆÐ »Ã ¾Ã ¹ Ð ½Ã µÃ ´Ã µÃ »Ã µ Last week na PROSHlay nyDYEly Ð’Ã' Ã µ Ð ¿Ã'€Ð ¾Ã ¸Ã ·Ã ¾Ã'ˆÐ »Ã ¾ Ð ½Ã ° Ð ¿Ã'€Ð ¾Ã'ˆÐ »Ã ¾Ã ¹ Ð ½Ã µÃ ´Ã µÃ »Ã µ - It all happened last week. ПÐ ¾Ã ·Ã °Ã ²Ã'‡Ð µÃ'€Ð ° Day before yesterday puhzafchyRAH ПÐ ¾Ã ·Ã °Ã ²Ã'‡Ð µÃ'€Ð ° Ð ¿Ã ¾Ã »Ã'Æ'Ã'‡Ð ¸Ã »Ã ¸ Ã' Ã ¾Ã ¾Ã ±Ã'‰Ð µÃ ½Ã ¸Ã µ - We received a message the day before yesterday. ПÐ ¾Ã' Ã »Ã µÃ ·Ã °Ã ²Ã'‚Ã'€Ð ° The day after tomorrow POSlyZAVTruh ПÐ ¾Ã' Ã »Ã µÃ ·Ã °Ã ²Ã'‚Ã'€Ð ° Ð ½Ã °Ã'‡Ð ¸Ã ½Ã °Ã'ŽÃ'‚Ã' Ã'  Ð ºÃ °Ã ½Ã ¸Ã ºÃ'Æ'Ð »Ã'‹ - School holidays begin the day after tomorrow. Ð §Ã µÃ'€Ð µÃ · Ð ½Ã µÃ ´Ã µÃ »Ã'Ž After a week/a week from CHYEryz nyDYElyu Ð £Ã ²Ã ¸Ã ´Ã µÃ ¼Ã' Ã'  Ã'‡Ð µÃ'€Ð µÃ · Ð ½Ã µÃ ´Ã µÃ »Ã'Ž - We'll see each other next week/see you next week. Ð §Ã µÃ'€Ð µÃ · Ð ´Ã µÃ ½Ã'Å' Every other day CHYEryz DYEN' ПÃ'€Ð ¸Ã ½Ã ¸Ã ¼Ã °Ã'‚Ã'Å' Ð »Ã µÃ ºÃ °Ã'€Ã' Ã'‚Ð ²Ã ¾ Ã'‡Ð µÃ'€Ð µÃ · Ð ´Ã µÃ ½Ã'Å' - Take the medicine every other day. Ð §Ã µÃ'€Ð µÃ · Ð ¼Ã µÃ' Ã' Ã'† In a month's time CHYEryz MYEsyts Ð §Ã µÃ'€Ð µÃ · Ð ¼Ã µÃ' Ã' Ã'† Ð ½Ã °Ã'‡Ð °Ã »Ã' Ã'  Ã'€Ð µÃ ¼Ã ¾Ã ½Ã'‚ - The renovations began a month later.

Accelerated BSN Program Forensic Geriatric Nurses Investigate Cases of Elder Abuse 2019

The profession of nursing is expected to grow over 27% through the year 2018. Along with the predicted rise in nursing jobs is the expectation that the number of people over the age of 65 will make up 19% of the total U.S. population by the year 2030. Some professionals are choosing to complete accelerated BSN program (bachelor of science in nursing) degrees in order to specialize as forensic geriatric nurses in the growing elderly population. What is a Forensic Geriatric Nurse? A Forensic Geriatric Nurse investigates and cares for victims of elder abuse, neglect, and exploitation, most often a graduate of an accelerated BSN program. Forensic Geriatric Nurses are often employed by long-term care facilities, and other times establish their own practices. Sample duties of a forensic geriatric nurse with a BSN degree include: Taking photos of injuries to a newly admitted elderly patient. Conducting patient and family interviews. Analyzing evidence to determine the presence or absence of ill treatment. .u6c76c72a3b5d0b3ba4bf0822fe54467f { padding:0px; margin: 0; padding-top:1em!important; padding-bottom:1em!important; width:100%; display: block; font-weight:bold; background-color:#eaeaea; border:0!important; border-left:4px solid #34495E!important; box-shadow: 0 1px 2px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.17); -moz-box-shadow: 0 1px 2px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.17); -o-box-shadow: 0 1px 2px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.17); -webkit-box-shadow: 0 1px 2px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.17); text-decoration:none; } .u6c76c72a3b5d0b3ba4bf0822fe54467f:active, .u6c76c72a3b5d0b3ba4bf0822fe54467f:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; text-decoration:none; } .u6c76c72a3b5d0b3ba4bf0822fe54467f { transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; } .u6c76c72a3b5d0b3ba4bf0822fe54467f .ctaText { font-weight:bold; color:inherit; text-decoration:none; font-size: 16px; } .u6c76c72a3b5d0b3ba4bf0822fe54467f .post Title { color:#000000; text-decoration: underline!important; font-size: 16px; } .u6c76c72a3b5d0b3ba4bf0822fe54467f:hover .postTitle { text-decoration: underline!important; } READ A Nursing ShortageRequired Education to Become a Forensic Geriatric Nurse Forensic Geriatric Nurses must be licensed as Registered Nurses in the U.S. Registration may be obtained through completing a hospital diploma, associate degree, or BSN nursing degree. Training in forensic science subjects, such as photography, wound identification, and evidence preservation and collection are extremely helpful in addition to completing an accelerated BSN program. Nurses interested in becoming a Forensic Geriatric Nurse have many options to choose from. BSN nursing schools, such as Kaplan University, offer educational programs that lead to an accelerated BSN program diploma or a Forensic Nursing Certificate. Many hospitals also have internship opportunities for students wishing to gain practical work experience in the field of forensic nursing. Prospective students interested in learning more information about becoming a Forensic Geriatric Nurse may visit the International Association of Forensic Nurses website or College-Pages.com, a leading education and career resource website. .u41cbb9f32ee8b84cdd0ffea5f686651b { padding:0px; margin: 0; padding-top:1em!important; padding-bottom:1em!important; width:100%; display: block; font-weight:bold; background-color:#eaeaea; border:0!important; border-left:4px solid #34495E!important; box-shadow: 0 1px 2px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.17); -moz-box-shadow: 0 1px 2px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.17); -o-box-shadow: 0 1px 2px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.17); -webkit-box-shadow: 0 1px 2px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.17); text-decoration:none; } .u41cbb9f32ee8b84cdd0ffea5f686651b:active, .u41cbb9f32ee8b84cdd0ffea5f686651b:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; text-decoration:none; } .u41cbb9f32ee8b84cdd0ffea5f686651b { transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; } .u41cbb9f32ee8b84cdd0ffea5f686651b .ctaText { font-weight:bold; color:inherit; text-decoration:none; font-size: 16px; } .u41cbb9f32ee8b84cdd0ffea5f686651b .post Title { color:#000000; text-decoration: underline!important; font-size: 16px; } .u41cbb9f32ee8b84cdd0ffea5f686651b:hover .postTitle { text-decoration: underline!important; } READ Criminal Justice Degree College Online College Proves to be a Smart Choice for Maryland Working ProfessionalsRelated ArticlesAccelerated BSN Option Take a Leadership Position in the Field of Nursing as a Case ManagerBSN Top 5 Reasons to Earn a Bachelor of Science in NursingRN to BSN Degree Labor and Delivery Nurses Care for Women, Families, and NewbornsHow to Answer Common Interview QuestionsOnline BSN Degree Forensic Pediatric Nurses Protect Human Rights of ChildrenOnline RN to BSN Degree Become Qualified to Work as an Operating Room Nurse

Descartes s Philosophy On The Mind And Consciousness...

In modern philosophy, reality is viewed in a twofold manner: the immaterial mind on the one hand and the extended body on the other. Also, we think of reality and divided between the â€Å"I† subject and an external world of objects. This line of thinking is attributed to Rene Descartes, widely credited as the father of modern philosophy. Descartes was a proponent of metaphysical dualism. He believed that the mind and the body are distinct substances. To Descartes, we can reach certain knowledge about the mind and consciousness through introspection. He reasons that we cannot doubt our existence as ‘thinking things’ because the fact that we think is undeniable. However, we tend to be fooled by our sensory experience of the world around us, so it is possible to put the world outside of our minds into doubt. To Descartes, philosophy is about attaining certain knowledge. We look upon the world as knowing subjects. Descartes believed that we cannot properly philosophi ze without first establishing certain principles to guide our investigation. We must doubt everything that can be doubted, and only when we reach a position that cannot be doubted can we begin our quest to understand reality. Since we begin with the thinking thing, the Cogito, the mind has ontological precedence over the body. From Descartes onwards, the ultimate questions of philosophy were viewed as being epistemic in nature. The big questions in philosophy were about the relationship of the thinking subject to theShow MoreRelatedEssay on Consciousness As Determined Th1030 Words   |  5 Pages Consciousness is understood in a variety of ways. In one belief, a person is conscious when awake, but unconscious when sleeping or comatose. Yet people also do things requiring perception and thought unconsciously even when they are awake. A person can be conscious of their physical surroundings, pain and even a wish or fantasy. 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Dudley R. B. Grant Free Essays

THE EARLY CHILDHOOD ACT (Act of 2005) ARRANGEMENT OF SECTIONS 1. 2. Short title and commencement Interpretation. We will write a custom essay sample on Dudley R. B. Grant or any similar topic only for you Order Now Registration 3. Registration of early childhood institutions. Application for registration. Permit to operate institution prior to registration. Refusal of registration. Register of early childhood institutions to be kept. Records of early childhood institution to be kept. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. Complaints procedure. 10. Suspension and cancellation of registration. 11. Notice of suspension etc. , of registration. 12. Appeal. 13. Cancellation of permit. 14. Investigations. Operation and Inspection of Early Childhood Institutions 15. Qualifications of operator and employees. 16. Prohibition of corporal punishment and restraint of child. 17. Storage of toxic substances, etc. 2 18. Assignment of officers and powers of entry and inspection. 19. Obligation of staff to co-operate. 20. Penalty for obstruction. 21. Health inspection. 22. Order of closure of early childhood institutions. General 23. Regulations. 24. Offences. 25. Penalty where no express penalty. 26. Registration of existing early childhood institutions. A BILL ENTITLED AN ACT to Provide for the Regulation and Management of early childhood institutions and for other connected matters. BE IT ENACTED by The Queen’s Most Excellent Majesty, by and with the advice and consent of the Senate and House of Representatives of Jamaica, and by the authority of the same, as follows:Short title and commencement. Interpretation. 1. This Act may be cited as the Early Childhood Act, 2005, and shall come into operation on a day to be appointed by the Minister by notice published in the Gazette. 2. In this Act – â€Å"basic school† means a school that offers a course of educational training for students under the age of six years; â€Å"Commission† means the Early Childhood Commission established under section 3 of the Early Childhood Commission Act; â€Å"day care centre† means any premises used for the provision of nonresidential day care service to more than four children up to six years of age for at least six hours per day and at least four days per week; â€Å"early childhood institution† means a setting that provides developmentally appropriate care, stimulation, education and socialization, for children under the age of six years, including day care centres and basic schools; â€Å"inspector† means a person assigned by the prescribed authority pursuant to section 18; â€Å"prescribed authority† means the Early Childhood Unit of the Ministry 4 responsible for education, or such other entity as the Minister may designate in writing. Registration Registration of early childhood institutions. 3. – (1) No person shall operate an early childhood institution unless that institution is registered under this Act. (2) Every application for registration under this section shall be submitted in accordance with section 4. (3) The Commission shall register an early childhood institution if n relation to an application the Commission is satisfied, based upon the written report of the prescribed authority, that – (a) (b) the applicant is eighteen years of age or over; the applicant is a fit and proper person to operate an early childhood institution; (c) where the applicant is an individual, the applicant has not been convicted of an offence under the Dangerous Drugs Act, the Offences Against the Person Act or the Child Care and Protection Act, or an offence involving fraud, dishonesty or moral turpitude; (d) where the applicant is a company, none of its directors or in the case of another body of per sons, none of its members, has been convicted of an offence mentioned in paragraph (c); (e) a person to be employed by the applicant in the operation of the institution has not been convicted of an offence mentioned in paragraph (c); (f) the applicant or a person to be employed by the applicant in the operation of the institution is not, by reason of any infirmity of mind or body or otherwise, incapable of operating or being employed in the institution; and 5 (g) First Schedule. the premises in which the institution is to be operated meets the requirements set out in the First Schedule. (4) Where the registration of an early childhood institution is pproved by the Commission, the Commission shall – (a) within thirty days after such approval (exclusive of Saturdays, Sundays and public general holidays), issue a registration certificate to the institution; and (b) upon the issue of the registration certificate, cause a notice of the registration to be published in the Gazette. (5) (a) A notice under subsection (4)(b) shall state the name of the institution as it appears on the registration certificate; and (b) the name of the operator of the institution. (6) The operator of an early childhood institution registered under this section shall ensure that a valid registration certificate issued to the institution under subsection (4) is displayed in a conspicuous place on the premises of the institution. 7) Registration under this section (a) shall be valid for a period of five years from the date of issue of the registration certificate; and (b) may be renewed upon application in accordance with the provisions of section 4, not later than thirty days before the date of expiration thereof. (8) A person, other than the holder of a permit issued under section 5, who operates an early childhood institution that is not duly registered under this Act, commits an offence and is liable upon summary conviction before a Resident Magistrate to a fine not exceeding two hundred thousand dollars. 6 Application for registration. Second Schedule. 4. – (1) Every application for registration in accordance with this section shall be in the prescribed form and shall be submitted to the Commission, together with the matters specified in the Second Schedule. 2) Within seven days (exclusive of Saturdays, Sundays and public general holidays) after receiving an application under subsection (1), the Commission shall forward a copy of the application to the prescribed authority. (3) Within fifteen days (exclusive of Saturdays, Sundays and public general holidays) after receiving an application submitted in accordance with subsection (1), an officer of the prescribed authority authorized in that behalf shall arrange with the applicant to – (a) (b) visit and conduct an inspection of the proposed premises; and conduct interviews of the applicant and, as the prescribed authority considers necessary, persons proposed to be employed in the operation of t he institution. Permit to operate institution prior to registration. 5. – (1) The Commission may, upon the recommendation of the prescribed authority, issue to an applicant for registration under section 3 a permit to operate the institution pending the determination of the application. (2) A permit under subsection (1) shall cease to be valid upon (a) the delivery to the applicant of a certificate of registration under section 3(4); or (b) where a notice of refusal of registration is delivered to the applicant under section 6, upon the expiration of twenty-four hours after the delivery of the notice or such longer time as the Commission may specify in the notice. 3) As a condition of the grant of a permit under this section, the Commission may, on the recommendation of the prescribed authority, 7 impose time scales for the completion of improvements or amendments to the mode of operation or the premises of the institution. (4) A permit issued under this section shall – (a) (b) be in t he prescribed form ; and stipulate all the conditions imposed under subsection (3) in respect of the institution. (5) The holder of a permit under this section shall allow an inspector entry onto the premises of the institution, at all reasonable hours, for the purpose of carrying out any inspection to ascertain whether or not the institution is in compliance with the conditions of the permit. Refusal of registration. 6. (1) The Commission shall, upon the recommendation of the prescribed authority, refuse an application for registration under section 4 – (a) in any case where the Commission is not satisfied as to the matters set out in section 3(3); or (b) if the Commission is satisfied that – (i) a person to be employed by the applicant is not a fit and proper person to be employed in an early childhood institution; (ii) for reasons connected with zoning, situation, construction, accommodation, staffing or equipment, the premises to be used for the operation of the in stitution are not fit to be so used. (2) Where an application is refused under this section, the Commission shall send to the applicant a notice of the refusal, specifying the reasons therefor. Register of early childhood institu7. The Commission shall keep a register of early childhood institutions and shall cause to be entered therein, from time to time, in respect of every early childhood institution registered in accordance with the 8 tions to be kept. Records of early childhood institution to be kept. Complaints procedure. provisions of this Act, the name of the institution and such particulars in relation thereto as may be prescribed. 8. An operator of an early childhood institution shall keep proper records showing the business conducted by him in respect of that early childhood institution and shall keep such other records as may be prescribed. 9. – (1) A person may make a complaint in writing to the Commission if that person has reason to believe that – (a) an early childhood institution has contravened any provision of this Act; or (b) a child at any early childhood institution has been abused or has suffered injury or harm as a result of the act or negligence of the operator, a person acting as an agent, or any person employed in the operation, of the early childhood institution. 2) Upon receiving a complaint under subsection (1), the Commission shall refer the complaint to an inspector who shall, with a view to preparing the report mentioned in subsection (3), make such inquiries as he thinks fit and conduct discussions with the complaining party, the operator of the early childhood institution an d, where appropriate, any employee of the early childhood institution involved in the complaint. (3) The inspector shall submit to the Commission a report containing the following information – (a) the grounds of the complaint, noting any facts in dispute between the relevant parties; (b) whether, in the opinion of the inspector, the matter can be remedied; 9 (c) if the inspector is of the opinion that the matter can be remedied, the measures recommended by the inspector to effect the remedy; and (d) he time period that the inspector considers to be reasonably sufficient to effect the remedy. (4) Upon receiving a report under subsection (3), the Commission shall – (a) give notice in writing of its intention to consider the report, to – (i) the operator of the early childhood institution and any employee of such institution who is involved in the complaint, together with a copy of the complaint and a copy of the report; (ii) the complaining party, together with a copy of the report; (b) in such notice, specify a period, being not less than seven days, during which any of the persons referred to in paragraph (a) shall be entitled to attend before the Commission, to make representations concerning the complaint. 5) After the expiry of the period mentioned in subsection (4), the Commission may – (a) (b) dismiss the complaint; or confirm the complaint and direct the implementation of the recommendations contained in the report, subject to such variations (if any) as the Commission thinks fit. (6) A person who attends before the Commission under subsection (4) shall be entitled to be accompanied by his attorney-at-law. (7) This section is without prejudice to any other proceedings that may be brought in relation to the complaint by virtue of any other law. 10 Suspension and cancellation of registration. 10. – (1) Subject to section 11, the Commission may, in accordance with subsection (2), suspend or cancel the registration of an e arly childhood institution. 2) The Commission may, by notice in writing to the operator of an early childhood institution – (a) suspend the registration of the early childhood institution if the Commission is satisfied that the institution – (i) is being operated in breach of any of the requirements of this Act or of regulations made under this Act; or (ii) in any case where pursuant to section 9(3)(c) an inspector recommends measures to remedy the matter, the operator has failed to comply with a direction made by the Commission under section 9(5)(b); (b) cancel the registration if the Commission is satisfied that – (i) the operator of the early childhood institution or a person employed in the operation of the institution has been convicted of an offence mentioned in section 3(b)(i); (ii) the operator of the early childhood institution is, by reason of mind or body or otherwise, incapable of operating the institution; (iii) the premises of the early childhood i nstitution are found to be unsuitable upon an inspection carried out pursuant to section 18; (iv) the early childhood institution is being operated in breach of the Public Health Act; or 11 (v) the registration has been suspended under subsection (2)(a) on more than one occasion over a period of eighteen months. (3) Where the Commission suspends the registration of an early childhood institution under subsection (2)(a), the Commission shall act in accordance with subsection (4). 4) The Commission (a) may cancel the registration if six months have expired after the date of such suspension, and the Commission is satisfied that the grounds for the suspension still exist at the institution; or (b) shall forthwith restore the registration if satisfied that – (i) the operator has complied with the directions (if any) issued under section 9(5)(b); and (ii) the grounds for suspension no longer exist, and shall, in writing, inform the operator of the restoration. (5) The Commission sh all cause a notice of every suspension, cancellation or restoration of registration under this Act to be published in the Gazette. Notice of suspension etc. , of registration. 11. (1) Before refusing an application for renewal of registration, or suspending or cancelling the registration of an early childhood institution, the Commission shall give to the operator of the institution not less than seven days written notice of the Commission’s intention to do so, stating – (a) the grounds on which the Commission intends to refuse the application for renewal of the registration, or suspend or cancel the registration, as the case may be; and (b) that, if within seven days after the receipt of that notice, the operator informs the Commission that he desires an opportunity 12 to show cause why such action should not be taken, the Commission shall, before taking any action, afford the operator or his representative such an opportunity. 2) If the operator fails to show cause as mentioned in subsection (1)(b), the Commission shall – (a) in the case of suspension or cancellation, act in accordance with section 10(2) and shall send a copy of the notice referred to in that subsection by registered post to the operator; and (b) in the case of refusal to renew registration, send to the applicant notice of refusal to renew registration. (3) A notice referred to in subsection (2)(a) shall not be effective until the expiration of seven days from the date on which it was issued, or where notice of appeal is given under section 12, until the appeal has been determined or withdrawn. Appeal. 12. A person aggrieved by any decision of the Commission to refuse an pplication for registration or renewal of registration or to suspend or cancel registration may, within seven days after the date on which the notice of such decision was received by him, appeal against such decision to the Appeal Tribunal appointed by the Minister in accordance with the Third Schedule. C ancellation of permit. 13. – (1) The Commission, acting on the recommendation of the prescribed authority, may, by notice in writing to the operator of an early childhood institution, cancel a permit issued under section 5 if the Commission is satisfied that any condition of the permit is being breached in relation to the early childhood institution. 2) The provisions of section 11 and 12 shall apply, with the necessary modifications, to the cancellation of a permit under this section. provisions of the Third Schedule. 13 Investigations. 14. – (1) The Commission may, where it considers it expedient to do so, hold or cause to be held an investigation – (a) to determine whether any registration made, or permit issued, under this Act should be suspended, restored or cancelled; (b) in respect of the breach of any provision of this Act or any regulations made hereunder, or the terms or conditions of any such permit; or (c) as respects any matter related to or connect ed with its functions, so as to determine whether any of such functions should be exercised. 2) With respect to any investigation under subsection (1), the following provisions shall have effect (a) the persons holding the investigation (hereinafter referred to as â€Å"the investigator†) shall do so in such manner and under such conditions as the investigator may think most effectual for ascertaining the facts of the matter under investigation; (b) the investigator shall have for the purposes of the investigation all the powers of a Resident Magistrate to summon witnesses, call for the production of books and documents and to examine witnesses and the parties concerned on oath; (c) any person summoned to attend or to produce books or documents under this section and refusing or neglecting to do so, or refusing to answer any question put to him by or with the concurrence of the investigator commits an offence and is liable on summary conviction before a Resident Magistrate to a fine not exceeding fifty thousand dollars and in default of payment to imprisonment for a term not exceeding three months: Provided that no person shall be bound to incriminate himself 14 and every witness shall, in respect of any evidence given by him at such an investigation be entitled to the same privileges to which he would be entitled if giving evidence before a court; (d) any witness attending at the request of, or upon summons by, the investigator shall, subject to any order made by the tribunal, be entitled to like allowances for expenses as if summoned to attend a Resident Magistrate’s Court. Operation and Inspection of Early Childhood Institutions Qualifications of operator and employees. 15. (1) A person shall not operate an early childhood institution unless that person meets the qualifications prescribed under subsection (4) as to training in the care of children. (2) The operator of an early childhood institution shall not employ any person in the institutio n for the purpose of caring for the children therein unless that person meets the qualifications prescribed under subsection (4) as to training in the care of children. (3) A person who contravenes subsection (1) or (2) commits an offence. (4) The Commission may, with the approval of the Minister, make regulations prescribing qualification requirements in respect of operators and employees of early childhood institutions. Prohibition of corporal punishment and restraint of child. 16. (1) Corporal punishment shall not be inflicted on a child in an early childhood institution. (2) A mechanical or electrical device shall not be used to restrain a child in an early childhood institution. (3) Where restraint of a child is necessary, such restraint shall be administered in accordance with regulations made for that purpose. Storage of 17. All medicines, cleaning agents or toxic substances kept at an early childhood institution shall be appropriately labelled and stored in a 15 toxic substa nces, etc. locked cupboard or other locked receptacle, which shall be kept (a) out of the reach of children; (b) away from equipment; and (c) away from the area in which food is stored. Assignment of officers and powers of entry and inspection. 18. – (1) The prescribed authority may assign such officers as it thinks necessary to be inspectors of early childhood institutions for the purpose of investigating complaints and otherwise securing the proper observance of the provisions of this Act. (2) The assignment of an officer pursuant to this section shall be published by notice in the Gazette and such officer shall be furnished with a certificate of assignment, which he shall produce to the operator or any other person in charge of an early childhood institution, if required to do so, on entering any premises pursuant to subsection (3). 3) An inspector may at all reasonable hours enter and inspect any early childhood institution, or any premises which he has reasonable cause to believe is so used, for the purpose of determining whether the institution is being operated in accordance with this Act. (4) An inspector may, for the purposes of subsection (3) â€⠀œ (a) require the production of records or other documents required to be kept pursuant to this Act; (b) make copies of such documents or records. Obligation of staff to co-operate. 19. – (1) Every operator and employee of an early childhood institution shall co-operate with an inspector executing his functions pursuant to section 18. 2) Any person who fails to comply with subsection (1) commits an offence and is liable upon summary conviction before a Resident Magistrate to a fine not exceeding ten thousand dollars and in default of payment to imprisonment for a term not exceeding three months. 16 Penalty for obstruction. 20. Any person who wilfully obstructs or impedes an inspector in the execution of his duties under this Act commits an offence and is liable upon summary conviction before a Resident Magistrate to a fine not exceeding twenty thousand dollars and in default of payment to imprisonment for a term not exceeding six months. Health inspection. 21. The Minister m ay cause an early childhood institution to be visited t any reasonable time by the Chief Medical Officer or any other health personnel for the purpose of ensuring that proper health standards are maintained at that early childhood institution. Order for closure of early childhood institutions. 22. – (1) Where the Minister has grounds to believe that the welfare of children in an early childhood institution has been, is being or is likely to be, endangered and that it is in the public interest to make an order under this section, the Minister may by order published in the Gazette direct that the institution be closed for such period or pending the fulfilment of such conditions, as the Minister thinks necessary. 2) A person who fails to comply with an order under subsection (1) shall be liable on summary conviction before a Resident Magistrate to a fine not exceeding two hundred and fifty thousand dollars or to imprisonment for a term not exceeding six months. (3) For the purpo ses of subsection (1) the Minister may take into account any report referred to the Minister by the Commission. General Regulations. 23. – (1) The Minister may, subject to affirmative resolution, make regulations generally for giving effect to the provisions of this Act. (2) Without prejudice to the generality of subsection (1), the Minister may, subject to affirmative resolution, make regulations – (a) prescribing ntries to be made in the records kept pursuant to section 8; 17 (b) prescribing standards with regard to safety, security, sanitation and such other matters as the Minister considers necessary for the efficient operation of an early childhood institution; (c) prescribing conditions for admission of children into early childhood institutions; (d) prescribing the forms of application, registration, reports and other documents to be used under this Act; (e) regulating the manner in which and the conditions subject to which the services of an early childhood ins titution shall be performed; (f) prescribing the hours during which early childhood institutions may remain open; (g) rescribing guidelines for the nutrition programmes to be implemented by early childhood institutions; (h) regulating the manner in which a child may be restrained in an early childhood institution; (i) (j) the frequency of inspections carried out under this Act; the return, custody or disposal of registration certificates upon the suspension or cancellation of registration; (k) prescribing any other matter or anything, which may be or is required by this Act to be prescribed. Offences. 24. – (1) A person who contravenes section 3(6) (display of registration certificate) commits an offence and shall be liable upon summary conviction before a Resident Magistrate to a fine not exceeding twentyfive thousand dollars. 2) A person who intentionally makes false statement or declaration in any application submitted under section 4 commits an offence and is liable upon summary conviction before a Resident 18 Magistrate to a fine not exceeding fifty thousand dollars or to imprisonment for a term not exceeding thirty days. (3) A person who, not being assigned as an inspector pursuant to section 18, assumes the designation or description of, assumes to act as, or impersonates, an inspector commits an offence. Penalty where no express penalty. 25. Any person who contravenes or fails to comply with any of the provisions of this Act, for which no penalty is expressly provided, commits n offence and is liable upon summary conviction before a Resident Magistrate to a fine not exceeding fifty thousand dollars and in default of payment to imprisonment with or without hard labour for a term not exceeding thirty days. Registration of existing early childhood institutions. 26. – (1) A person who, on the date of commencement of this Act, is the operator of an early childhood institution shall apply within three months after that date to the Commission to have that early childhood institution registered pursuant to this Act. (2) Every application under this section shall be submitted in accordance with section 4. (3) Where an application has been made pursuant to subsection (1), the operation of the early childhood institution to which it relates may be continued pending the determination of the application. Power to amend Schedules by order. 27. The Minister may, by order subject to affirmative resolution, amend the First or Second Schedule. 19 FIRST SCHEDULE (Section 3) Requirements in respect of premises to be used for the Operation of an early childhood institution Structure. 1. The premises on which an early childhood institution is to be operated shall satisfy the following requirements (a) the building shall – (i) be approved for that purpose by the local planning authority; (ii) be solidly and substantially built with a weather-tight roof; (iii) be floored throughout with timber, concrete, mortar or pavement of brick, stone, tiles or asphalt; (iv) be in good repair; (v) have at least 1. metres square of space for each child and adequate play area outside; (vi) be equipped with suitable and adequate toilet facilities; (b) the premises shall be properly fenced and a gate provided with a latch the height of which shall be beyond the reach of a child; (c) there shall be suitable and adequate number of cribs, cots o r other sleeping devices; (d) there shall be an adequate supply of safe nontoxic play material; 20 (e) the facilities for food storage and preparation shall be clean, safe and hygienic, in conformity with the Public Health Regulations; and (f) the premises shall be properly ventilated and shall have such other facilities as will encourage the good health and well being of a child. Access. 2. Any premises, constructed after the date of ommencement of this Act, on which an early childhood institution is to be operated shall provide for access by a person with a physical disability, including – (a) (b) ramps for wheelchair access; adequate space for a person on crutches or in a wheelchair to manoeuvre in toilet and activity areas; (c) an appropriate number of wash basins and toilets at wheelchair height; (d) doors that open inward for the purposes of entry and doors that open outward for the purposes of exit. Layout and accommodation. 3. – (1) An early childhood instituti on shall not be located in a building where any person resides unless the portion of the building where the early childhood institution is operated is used exclusively for the purposes of that institution during the opening hours of the institution. (2) The following shall be accommodated on the premises of every early childhood institution – (a) an internal play area and access to an outdoor play area; 21 (b) (c) (d) (e) (f) (g) (h) sick bay for children; separate bathroom facilities for staff and children; a food storage and preparation area; a dining area; an area for napping; an administrative area; an instruction area that shall not be used for any purpose other than the instruction of children, when children are present, so situated to allow for a defined space in respect of each of the areas mentioned in paragraphs (a) to (h) and so that the use of one area for its assigned purpose does not interfere with the use of another area for its assigned purpose. (3) The premis es shall provide for adequate space for – (a) storage of equipment and materials used at the early childhood institution; and (b) children to move about freely, including crawl space for infants. Lighting. 4. (1) Proper lighting shall be provided in every part of the premises where children are accommodated and through where they may pass. (2) All electrical outlets shall be placed out of the reach of children and shall be protected by safety covers and mechanisms. Water. 5. Adequate supplies of safe drinking water shall be 22 provided for the use of a child in an early childhood institution. Equipment. 6. The premises shall be equipped with – (a) adequate supplies necessary for rendering first aid; and (b) adequate fire fighting and protective equipment. SECOND SCHEDULE 1. The following shall be submitted with every application for registration (a) (b) (c) the prescribed fee; two assport-sized photographs of the applicant; a reference, in such form as may be prescribe d by the Commission in regulations published in the Gazette, from any two of the following persons (i) (ii) (iii) (iv) a Justice of the Peace; a Minister of religion; an attorney-at-law; the principal of an educational institution or the chairman of the Board of Management of an educational institution; (v) (vi) a former employer of the applicant; a Resident Magistrate or a Judge of the Supreme Court; or (vii) a police officer above the rank of Inspector; (d) a report, from an officer of the Jamaica Fire Brigade authorized by the Commissioner of the (Section 4) 23 Brigade in that behalf, stating that the premises proposed for the operation of the institution have been inspected and that the officer is satisfied that reasonable steps are taken for the prevention of fire and for protection against the dangers of fire and other disaster; (e) a report from a Medical Officer (Health), or any other person authorized in writing in that behalf by the Minister or by a Local Board or by the Medical Officer (Health), stating that the premises proposed for the operation have been inspected and are in compliance with the provisions of the Public Health Act; (f) in respect of the applicant and each person proposed to be employed in the operation of the institution – (i) a certificate, from a registered medical practitioner certifying that the applicant or employee, as the case may be, is in good health; and (ii) (g) a food handler’s permit; the name and job description of each proposed employee and a copy of every proposed terms of employment; (h) details as to the proposed premises, including – (i) a floor plan of each building; (ii) a description of the structure; 24 (iii) the type of accommodation (internal and external); (iv) (v) furniture and equipment; such other details as may be prescribed; (i) particulars of fees to be charged and proposed sources of funding. THIRD SCHEDULE The Appeal Tribunal Constitution of Tribunal. 1. The Appeal Tribunal shall (a) subject to paragraph 2, consist of three members appointed by the Minister; and (b) have the following qualifications – (i) the chairman shall be an attorney-at-law; and (ii) each of the two other members shall be qualified in at least one of the following areas, that is to say, child care, child psychology, nutrition, paediatrics or nursing. Power of one member to sit alone. Tenure of office. 2. For the hearing of any appeal under this Act, the (Section 12) Appeal Tribunal may consist of one member sitting alone if the parties to the appeal agree. 3. The members of the Appeal Tribunal shall, subject to the provisions of this Schedule, hold office for such period, not exceeding two years, as the Minister may determine and shall be eligible for reappointment. Acting 4. The Minister may appoint any person to act in the 25 appointment. lace of the Chairman or any other member of the Appeal Tribunal in the case of the absence or inability to act of th e Chairman or any other member. Resignation. 5. – (1) Any member of the Appeal Tribunal, other than the Chairman, may, at any time, resign his office by instrument in writing addressed to the Minister and transmitted through the Chairman and, from the date of the receipt by the Minister of such instrument, that member shall cease to be a member of the Appeal Tribunal. (2) The Chairman may, at any time, resign his office by instrument in writing addressed to the Minister, and such resignation shall take effect as from the date of receipt by the Minister of that instrument. Revocation of appointment. Filling of vacancies. 6. The Minister may, at any time, revoke the appointment of any member of the Appeal Tribunal if he thinks it expedient to do so. 7. If any vacancy occurs in the membership of the Appeal Tribunal such vacancy shall be filled by the appointment of another member. Publication of membership. Remuneration. 8. The names of all members of the Appeal Tribunal as first constituted and every change in the membership thereof shall be published in the Gazette. 9. There shall be paid to the Chairman and other members of the Appeal Tribunal, in respect of each appeal, such remuneration, whether by way of honorarium, salary or fees, and such allowances as the Minister may determine. Voting. 10. The decision of the Appeal Tribunal shall be by a majority of votes of the members and in addition to an 26 original vote, the Chairman shall have a casting vote in any case in which the voting is equal. Power to regulate proceedings. Office of Chairman or member of Tribunal not public office. 12. The office of Chairman or member of the Appeal 11. Subject to the provisions of this Schedule, the Appeal Tribunal shall regulate its own proceedings. Tribunal shall not be a public office for the purposes of Chapter V of the Constitution of Jamaica. MEMORANDUM OF OBJECTS AND REASONS There exists the need for a comprehensive framework for all aspects of early childhood education, care and development. An Early Childhood Commission has already been established to oversee the regulation of early childhood services. In order to ensure proper standards, a decision was taken to make legislative provision for the regulation of early childhood institutions. This Bill seeks to give effect to that decision. The Bill provides for – (a) the registration of early childhood institutions; (b) the setting of standards for the operation of such institutions with respect to safety, sanitation, health and supervision and as regards the condition of the relevant premises; 27 (c) monitoring compliance with the legal requirements by a system of inspection. Maxine Henry-Wilson Minister of Education, Youth and Culture How to cite Dudley R. B. Grant, Papers